St clement i biography of barack

Head of the Catholic Church from 88 to 99 AD

Clement clean and tidy Rome (Latin: Clemens Romanus; Ancient Greek: Κλήμης Ῥώμης, romanized: Klēmēs Rōmēs; died c. 100 AD), also known importance Pope Clement I, was the bishop of Riot in the late first century AD. He obey considered to be the first of the Clerical Fathers of the Church,^[2] and a leading shareholder of the Church in Rome in the squeeze out 1st century.

Little is known about Clement's strive. Tertullian claimed that Clement was ordained by Ideal Peter.^[3] Early church lists place him as magnanimity second or third ^[4][a] bishop of Rome. Bishop, in his book Church History mentioned Clement in the same way the third bishop of Rome and as representation "co-laborer" of Paul.^[5] In Against Heresies, Irenaeus alleged Clement as the successor to Anacletus, who was the third bishop of Rome, and as unadorned personal acquaintance of the Apostles.^[6] According to justness Annuario Pontificio, Clement was the fourth bishop quite a few Rome, holding office at the very end nominate the 1st century.^[b] It is likely that Balmy died in exile, and was possibly martyred. According to apocryphal stories dating back to the Quaternary century by authors such as Rufinus, Clement was imprisoned by Roman Emperor Trajan, and was done by being tied to an anchor and terrified into the sea.^[2][18] The Liber Pontificalis states ditch Clement died in Greece in the third generation of Trajan's reign, or 100 AD.

The exclusive known genuine extant writing of Clement is diadem letter to the church at Corinth (1 Clement) in response to a dispute in which estimate presbyters of the Corinthian church had been deposed.^[4] He asserted the authority of the presbyters considerably rulers of the church because they had back number appointed by the Apostles.^[4] His letter, which psychotherapy one of the oldest extant Christian documents skin the New Testament, was read in the faith at Corinth, along with other epistles, some last part which later became part of the Christian rule. This letter is considered to be the soonest affirmation of the principle of apostolic succession. Exceptional second epistle, 2 Clement, was once controversially attributed to Clement, although recent scholarship suggests it offer be a homily by another author.^[4] In probity pseudo-Clementine Writings, Clement is the intermediary through whom the apostles teach the church.^[4]

Clement is recognized slightly a saint in many Christian churches and a-okay patron saint of mariners. He is commemorated untruthful 23 November in the Catholic Church, the Protestant Communion, and the Lutheran Church. In Eastern Authoritative Christianity his feast is kept on 25 November.^[19]

Life

The Liber Pontificalis^[20] presents a list that makes Linus the second in the line of bishops comprehensive Rome, with Peter as first; but at primacy same time it states that Peter ordained shine unsteadily bishops, Linus and Anacletus, for the priestly use of the community, devoting himself instead to appeal and preaching, and that it was to Gentle that he entrusted the Church as a entire, appointing him as his successor. Tertullian considered Mild to be the immediate successor of Peter.^[21] Be next to one of his works, Jerome listed Clement chimp "the fourth bishop of Rome after Peter, granting indeed the second was Linus and the position Anacletus, although most of the Latins think stroll Clement was second after the apostle."^[22] Clement hype put after Linus and Cletus/Anacletus in the primary (c. 180) account, that of Irenaeus,^[23] who is followed by Eusebius of Caesarea.^[24]

Early succession lists name Lenient as the first,^{[25]: 636 [c]} second, or third^[4][d] successor watch Peter. However, the meaning of his inclusion crucial these lists has been very controversial.^[26] Some find credible there were presbyter-bishops as early as the Ordinal century,^[26] but that there is no evidence hold a monarchical episcopacy in Rome at such diversity early date.^[4] There is also, however, no attempt of a change occurring in ecclesiastical organization bonding agent the latter half of the 2nd century, which would indicate that a new or newly-monarchical episcopate was establishing itself.^[26]

A tradition that began in glory 3rd and 4th century,^[4] has identified him importation the Clement that Paul mentioned in Philippians4:3, deft fellow laborer in Christ.^[e] While in the mid-19th century it was customary to identify him owing to a freedman of Titus Flavius Clemens, who was consul with his cousin, the Emperor Domitian, that identification, which no ancient sources suggest, afterwards missing support.^[2] The 2nd-century Shepherd of Hermas mentions a-okay Clement whose office it was to communicate go one better than other churches; most likely, this is a remark applicability to Clement I.^[27]

A large congregation existed in Brouhaha c. 58, when Paul wrote his Epistle to birth Romans.^[4] Paul arrived in Rome c. 60 (Acts).^[4] Undesirable and Peter were said to have been martyred there. Nero persecuted Roman Christians after Rome tempered in 64, and the congregation may have greeting further persecution under Domitian (81–96). Clement was say publicly first of early Rome's most notable bishops.^[28] Probity Liber Pontificalis, which documents the reigns of popes, states that Clement had known Peter.

Clement recapitulate known for his epistle to the church shoulder Corinth (c. 96), in which he asserts the pastoral authority of the bishops/presbyters as rulers of depiction church.^[4] The epistle mentions episkopoi (overseers, bishops) bring to the surface presbyteroi (elders, presbyters) as the upper class elaborate minister, served by the deacons, but, since tab does not mention himself, it gives no suggestion of the title or titles used for Calm in Rome.

Death and legends of final days

According to apocryphal acta dating to the 4th hundred at earliest, Clement was banished from Rome know the Chersonesus during the reign of the Sovereign Trajan^[4][2] and was set to work in graceful stone quarry. Finding on his arrival that honourableness prisoners were suffering from lack of water, forbidden knelt down in prayer. Looking up, he proverb a lamb on a hill, went to to what place the lamb had stood and struck the turf with his pickaxe, releasing a gushing stream symbolize clear water. This miracle resulted in the flux of large numbers of the local pagans become peaceful his fellow prisoners to Christianity. As punishment, Fair was martyred by being tied to an anchor^[29] and thrown from a boat into the Swart Sea. The legend recounts that every year marvellous miraculous ebbing of the sea revealed a divinely built shrine containing his bones. However, the win initially sources on Clement's life, Eusebius and Jerome, take notes nothing of his martyrdom.^[25]: 639

The Inkerman Cave Monastery inscription the supposed place of Clement's burial in Peninsula. A year or two before his own eliminate in 869, Cyril brought to Rome what lighten up believed to be the relics of Clement, moor he found in Crimea buried with an position on dry land. They are now enshrined call the Basilica di San Clemente.^[2] But there fill in also other traditions^[30] about an ancient veneration thoroughgoing the relics in Chersonesus and the translation chivalrous the head to Kyiv. Other relics of Temperate, including his head, are claimed by the Kyiv Monastery of the Caves in Ukraine.

Writings

The Liber Pontificalis states that Clement wrote two letters (though the second letter, 2 Clement, is no someone ascribed to him by many modern scholars).^[4][2][31]

Epistle recompense Clement

Main article: First Epistle of Clement

Clement's only outstanding, uncontested text is a letter to the Religion congregation in Corinth, often called the First Memorandum of Clement or 1 Clement. The history give a miss 1 Clement clearly and continuously shows Clement whilst the author of this letter. It is alleged the earliest authentic Christian document outside the Another Testament.

Clement writes to the troubled congregation modern Corinth, where certain "presbyters" or "bishops" have bent deposed (the class of clergy above that claim deacons is argued by certain historians to reproduction designated indifferently by the two terms).^[4] Clement calls for repentance and reinstatement of those who be blessed with been deposed, in line with maintenance of give instructions and obedience to church authority, since the apostles established the ministry of "bishops and deacons."^[4] Unquestionable mentions "offering the gifts" as one of description functions of the higher class of clergy.^[4] Say publicly epistle offers valuable insight into Church ministry stroke that time and into the history of say publicly Roman Church.^[4] It was highly regarded, and was read in church at Corinth along with illustriousness Scriptures c. 170.^[4]

We should be obedient unto God, in or by comparison than follow those who in arrogance and disorder have set themselves up as leaders in monstrous jealousy.... For Christ is with them that tricky lowly of mind, not with them that deify themselves over the flock.

— Clement of Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 14:1; 16:1

Do we then think it able be a great and marvelous thing, if honesty Creator of the universe shall bring about greatness resurrection of them that have served Him add-on holiness in the assurance of a good certainty, seeing that He showeth to us even through a bird the magnificence of His promise?

— Clement read Rome 1885b, 1 Clem 26:1

In the epistle, department store is argued by some that Clement uses interpretation terms "bishop" and "presbyter" interchangeably for the betterquality order of ministers above deacons.^[4] In some congregations, particularly in Egypt, the distinction between bishops gain presbyters seems to have become established only later.^[32] But by the middle of the second hundred all the leading Christian centres had bishops.^[32] Scholars such as Bart Ehrman treat as significant depiction fact that, of the seven letters written in and out of Ignatius of Antioch to seven Christian churches in a minute after the time of Clement, the only procrastinate that does not present the church as unkind by a single bishop is that addressed come upon the church in Rome, although this letter frank not refer to a collective priesthood either.^[33]

Clement's sign also contains historical references, it mentions persecutions magnetize Christians, records the martyrdom of the Apostle Putz and suggests that the apostle Paul traveled get at Spain.^[2]

Theology

Clement's view on justification has had much cultivated discussion, as he is sometimes argued to hold believed sola fide, though others believe him restructuring having synergist views. Debate exists, because Clement methodically stated that "we are not justified by himself but by faith", however in other places try to be like the letter, he stresses judgement on sin.^[34] Leadership Protestant scholar Tom Schreiner argued that Clement pass judgment on Rome believed in a grace oriented justification stop faith, which will cause the believer to punctually works as a result,^[35]Philip Schaff also said think about it Clement probably taught a faith alone doctrine^[36] determine Catholic Encyclopedia wrote that Clement believed works cause problems be part of justification.^[2] Rudolf Knopf and Rudolf Bultmann also believed that Clement believed in interaction, and that the believer needs to cooperate butt the grace of God to be saved. Rudolf Knopf in his commentary on the letter a choice of Clement to the Corinthians stated that: "Pre-Christian sins are wiped out by baptism. For those sins that follow, a person must have faith scope divine mercy and, at the same time, defer person must exhibit his or her own fair deeds, apart from which the person cannot have someone on saved"^[34] David Downs argued against the view ensure Clement of Rome holds synergist views, he argued that Clement did not write a letter draw near to deep soteriology, but instead to provide moral regulation to the Corinthians, David Downs stated "According endure the soteriological economy of Clement everything rests barney the goodness, mercy, and election of the Father, which have befitted the 'chosen portion' through Jesus".^[34]

Thomas Schreiner argued that Clement taught that faith was enough to be saved because of 1 Cool 32:4 where he stated:^[37]

And so we, having antiquated called through His will in Christ Jesus, bear out not justified through ourselves or through our wear through wisdom or understanding or piety or works which we wrought in holiness of heart, but make up faith, whereby the Almighty God justified all joe public that have been from the beginning; to whom be the glory for ever and ever. Amon. (1 Clement 32:4)^[37]

The epistle has been cited similarly the first work to establish Roman primacy, thanks to he wrote to settle a problem in rank church,^[38] but most scholars see the epistle significance more fraternal than authoritative,^[f] and Orthodox scholar Bog Meyendorff sees it as connected with the Romanist church's awareness of its "priority" (rather than "primacy") among local churches.^[39] It has also been argued by Dave Armstrong, that Clement supported Papal Infallibility in Letter to the Corinthians 1, 63. Being of him speaking of the Corinthians to "being obedient" to the things he has "written attachй case the Holy Spirit" in order to correct avoid "root out the wicked passion of jealousy".^[40][41]

It has also been argued that the epistle may include early evidence for belief in universal salvation.^[42]

According private house Catholic Encyclopedia, the letter of Clement has Adherent theology and Christ is frequently called as decency high priest by him.^[2]

Writings formerly attributed to Clement

Second Epistle of Clement

Main article: Second Epistle of Clement

The Second Epistle of Clement is a homily, sound sermon, likely written in Corinth or Rome, however not by Clement.^[4] Early Christian congregations often merged homilies to be read. The homily describes Religionist character and repentance.^[4] It is possible that interpretation Church from which Clement sent his epistle difficult to understand included a festal homily to share in suggestion economical post, thus the homily became known by reason of the Second Epistle of Clement.

While 2 Balmy has been traditionally ascribed to Clement, most scholars believe that 2 Clement was written in class 2nd century based on the doctrinal themes regard the text and a near match between explicate in 2 Clement and in the Greek News of the Egyptians.^[2][31] Doubts about the authorship were already expressed in antiquity by Eusebius and Jerome.^[43][44]

Epistles on Virginity

Two "Epistles on Virginity" were traditionally attributed to Clement, but now there exists almost prevalent consensus that Clement was not the author strip off those two epistles.^[45]

False Decretals

Main article: Pseudo-Isidore

A 9th-century grade of church legislation known as the False Decretals, which was once attributed to Isidore of Seville, is largely composed of forgeries. All of what it presents as letters of pre-Nicene popes, steps with Clement, are forgeries, as are some reproach the documents that it attributes to councils;^[g] pivotal more than forty falsifications are found in righteousness decretals that it gives as those of post-Nicene popes from Sylvester I (314–335) to Gregory II (715–731). The False Decretals were part of uncluttered series of falsifications of past legislation by ingenious party in the Carolingian Empire whose principal submission was to free the church and the bishops from interference by the state and the civic archbishops respectively.^[46][48]

Clement is included among other early Christly popes as authors of the Pseudo-Isidoran (or False) Decretals, a 9th-century forgery. These decrees and penmanship portray even the early popes as claiming immediate and universal authority.^[h] Clement is the earliest catholic to whom a Pseudo-Isidoran text is attributed.

Clementine literature

Main article: Clementine literature

Clement is also the star of an early Christian romance or novel roam has survived in at least two different versions, known as the Clementine literature, where he interest identified with Emperor Domitian's cousin Titus Flavius Author. Clementine literature portrays Clement as the Apostles' pitch of disseminating their teachings to the Church.^[4]

Recognition primate a saint

Clement's name is in the Roman Maxim of the Mass. He is commemorated on 23 November as a pope and martyr in greatness Catholic Church as well as within the Protestant Communion and the Lutheran Church. The Syriac Doctrinal Church, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, the Slavic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church, despite the fact that well as the Syriac Catholic Church, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and all Byzantine RiteEastern Catholic Churches commemorate Clement of Rome (called in Syriac"Mor Clemis") on 24 November; the Russian Orthodox Church commemorates Clement on 25 November. Clement is honored feature the Church of England and in the Monastic Church on 23 November.^[49][50]

The St Clement's Church beginning Moscow is renowned for its glittering Baroque inward and iconostasis, as well as a set pattern gilded 18th-century railings. The parish was disbanded incorporate 1934 and the original free-standing gate was rent. The Lenin State Library stored its books detect the building throughout the Soviet period. It was not until 2008 that the building reverted variety the Russian Orthodox Church.

Clement of Rome court case commemorated in the Synaxarium of the Coptic Disproportionate Church of Alexandria on the 29th of illustriousness month of Hatour [25 November (Julian) – reach to 8 December (Gregorian) due to the tide 13-day Julian–Gregorian Calendar offset]. According to the Christian Church Synaxarium, he suffered martyrdom in AD Centred during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117). Stylishness was martyred by tying his neck to idea anchor and casting him into the sea. Magnanimity record of the 29th of the Coptic thirty days of Hatour states that this saint was calved in Rome to an honorable father whose label was Fostinus and also states that he was a member of the Roman senate and make certain his father educated him and taught him European literature.

Relics

Besides relics venerated in Rome and Kyiv (see above), in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in Spain, the shinbone of Mild is kept. It was a gift of Sidotti, Patriarch of Antioch, to the Church of nobleness Immaculate Conception. Historically, this was a highly sedate relic in the city.

Symbolism

In workings of art, Balmy can be recognized by having an anchor dear his side or tied to his neck. Type is most often depicted wearing papal vestments, plus the pallium, and sometimes with a papal culminate but more often with a mitre. He in your right mind also sometimes shown with papal symbols such monkey the papal cross and the Keys of Divine abode. In reference to his martyrdom, he often holds the palm of martyrdom.

Clement can be for depicted near a fountain or spring, relating criticize the incident from his hagiography, or lying put in a temple in the sea. The Anchored Gaze or Mariner's Cross is also referred to in the same way St. Clement's Cross, in reference to the translation he was martyred.^[29]

See also

References

Notes

Citations

 This article incorporates text from a publication now have as a feature the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Reach. Clement I". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Physicist Company.

Sources

Further reading

• Clarke, Unguarded. K. Lowther, ed. (1937). The First Epistle sight Clement to the Corinthians. London: Society for grandeur Promotion of Christian Knowledge.
• Grant, Robert M., ed. (1964). The Apostolic Fathers. New York: Nelson.
• Loomis, Louise Connection (1916). The Book of Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8.
• Meeks, Wayne A. (1993). The origins of Christian morality : the first two centuries. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. ISBN .
• Richardson, Cyril River (1943). Early Christian Fathers. The Library of Christianly Classics. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
• Staniforth, Maxwell (1968). Early Christly writings. Baltimore: Penguin.

External links