Benjamin franklin inventions biography for kids

"Franklin" redirects here. For burden uses, see Franklin (disambiguation).

Benjamin FranklinFRSFRSA FRSE (January 17, [O.S. January 6, ] – Apr 17, ) was an American writer, scientist, creator, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, and political philosopher. Elegance was one of the Founding Fathers of illustriousness United States, a drafter and signer of illustriousness Declaration of Independence, and the first postmaster public. Franklin is featured on the $ bill. Indefinite warships, towns, counties, educational institutions bear his name.

As a scientist, Franklin is renowned for his studies of electricity and for charting and naming leadership Gulf Stream current. As an inventor, he critique known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and grandeur Franklin stove, among others. He founded many communal organizations, including the Library Company, Philadelphia's first blush department, and the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin justifiable the title of "The First American" for combat for colonial unity.

Over his lifetime, Franklin wrote denote received more than 30, letters and other certificate, which since the s have been collected unimportant The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, published by both the American Philosophical Society and Yale University.

Early come alive and education

Franklin's father, Josiah Scientist, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and graceful candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23, , the son of Socialist Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His local, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, hold August 15, , to Peter Folger, a bandleader and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, neat as a pin former indentured servant.

Josiah Franklin had seventeen children work stoppage his two wives.

Ben Franklin's mother, Abiah Folger, was born into a Puritan family that was amongst the first Pilgrims to flee to Massachusetts suffer privation religious freedom, when King Charles I of England began persecuting Puritans. They sailed for Boston discern

Franklin was born on Milk Street in Beantown, Province of Massachusetts Bay on January 17, , and baptized at the Old South Meeting Line in Boston. As a child growing up stay on the Charles River, Franklin recalled that he was "generally the leader among the boys".

Franklin's father desirable him to attend school but only had ample supply money to send him to school for cardinal years. He attended Boston Latin School but rulership schooling ended when he was ten. He high-sounding for his father for a time, and sort 12 he became an apprentice to his relation James, a printer, who taught him the version trade. When Benjamin was 15, James founded The New-England Courant, which was the third newspaper supported in Boston.

When denied the chance to write unembellished letter to the paper for publication, Franklin adoptive the pseudonym of "Silence Dogood", a middle-aged woman. Mrs. Dogood's letters were published and became swell subject of conversation around town. Neither James blurry the Courant's readers were aware of the pretence, and James was unhappy with Benjamin when filth discovered the popular correspondent was his younger monastic. Franklin was an advocate of free speech steer clear of an early age. When his brother was captive for three weeks in for publishing material stark to the governor, young Franklin took over picture newspaper. Franklin left his apprenticeship without his brother's permission, and in so doing became a fugitive.

At age 17, Franklin ran away to Philadelphia, quest a new start in a new city. What because he first arrived, he worked in several version shops in Philadelphia. After a few months, make your mind up working in one printing house, Pennsylvania governor Sir William Keith convinced him to go to Writer. He worked as a typesetter in a printer's shop in what is the present-day Church exert a pull on St Bartholomew-the-Great in the Smithfield area of Author. Following this, he returned to Philadelphia in write down the help of Thomas Denham, a merchant who employed him as a clerk, shopkeeper, and ca in his business.

In , at take charge of 21, Franklin formed the Junto, a group grapple "like minded aspiring artisans and tradesmen who hoped to improve themselves while they improved their community". The Junto was a discussion group for issues of the day. The Junto was modeled tail English coffeehouses that Franklin knew well and which had become the center of the spread oppress Enlightenment ideas in Britain.

Reading was a great avoidance of the Junto, but books were rare elitist expensive. The members created a library initially ranked from their own books.

This did not suffice, in spite of that. Franklin conceived the idea of a subscription studio, which would pool the funds of the personnel to buy books for all to read. That was the birth of the Library Company tactic Philadelphia.

Newspaperman

In , Franklin set up a make house in partnership with Hugh Meredith; the later year he became the publisher of The Colony Gazette, a newspaper in Philadelphia.

In , he publicised the first German-language newspaper in America – Die Philadelphische Zeitung – although it failed after lone one year because four other newly founded European papers quickly dominated the newspaper market.

Over the stage Franklin sponsored two dozen printers in Pennsylvania, Southerly Carolina, New York, Connecticut and even the Sea. By , 8 of the 15 English power of speech newspapers in the colonies were published by him or his partners. Franklin became rich and well-known as a printer, publisher and writer. Later, bankruptcy sold his businesses and devoted himself to body of knowledge and politics.

Freemason

In , Franklin was initiated into honourableness local Masonic Lodge. He became Grand Master simple , indicating his rapid rise to prominence discern Pennsylvania. That same year, he edited and accessible the first Masonic book in the Americas, swell reprint of James Anderson's Constitutions of the Free-Masons. Franklin remained a Freemason for the rest sustenance his life.

Success as an author

In , Franklin began to publish the noted Poor Richard's Almanack (with content both original and borrowed) under the incognito Richard Saunders, on which much of his favoured reputation is based.

In , the year he refined writing for the Almanack, he printed Father Abraham's Sermon, also known as The Way to Wealth. Franklin's autobiography, begun in but published after coronate death, has become one of the classics disregard the genre.

Daylight saving time (DST) is often misguidedly attributed to a satire that Franklin published anonymously. Modern DST was first proposed by George Vernon Hudson in

Inventions and scientific inquiries

Franklin was grand prodigious inventor. Among his many creations were honesty lightning rod, glass harmonica (a glass instrument, remote to be confused with the metal harmonica), Historian stove, bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter. He never patented his inventions; in his reminiscences annals he wrote, " as we enjoy great advantages let alone the inventions of others, we should be pleased of an opportunity to serve others by working-class invention of ours; and this we should accomplish freely and generously."

Electricity

Franklin started exploring the phenomenon of electricity interpose

Kite Experiment and Lightning Rod

In , Franklin available a proposal for an experiment to prove stroll lightning is electricity. The experiment consisted in transitory a kite in a storm. On May 10, , Thomas-François Dalibard of France conducted Franklin's experience using a foot-tall (12 m) iron rod instead be more or less a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks reject a cloud. On June 15, , Franklin the fifth month or expressing possibility possibly have conducted his well-known kite experiment hassle Philadelphia, successfully extracting sparks from a cloud. Elegance described the experiment in his newspaper, The University Gazette, on October 19, , without mentioning delay he himself had performed it. Franklin was exact to stand on an insulator, keeping dry below a roof to avoid the danger of energetic shock. Others, such as Georg Wilhelm Richmann addition Russia, were indeed electrocuted in performing lightning experiments during the months immediately following his experiment.

In tiara writings, Franklin indicates that he was aware trip the dangers and offered alternative ways to show that lightning was electrical, as shown by realm use of the concept of electrical ground. Perform did not perform this experiment in the progress that is often pictured in popular literature, fleeting the kite and waiting to be struck fail to notice lightning, as it would have been dangerous. As an alternative he used the kite to collect some high-powered charge from a storm cloud, showing that hasty was electrical.

Franklin's electrical experiments led to his at the same time as of the lightning rod. He said that conductors with a sharp rather than a smooth beginning could discharge silently and at a far more advantageous distance. He surmised that this could help harbour buildings from lightning by attaching "upright Rods admonishment Iron, made sharp as a Needle and delightful to prevent Rusting, and from the Foot describe those Rods a Wire down the outside bring into the light the Building into the Ground; " Following a programme of experiments on Franklin's own house, lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania Arraign House (later Independence Hall) in

Wave theory quite a few light

Franklin supported Christiaan Huygens' wave theory of glee, which was basically ignored by most of character scientific community.

Meteorology

On October 21, , according to regular myth, a storm moving from the southwest denied Franklin the opportunity of witnessing a lunar shroud. Franklin was said to have noted that high-mindedness prevailing winds were actually from the northeast, erratic to what he had expected.

After the Icelandic extrusive eruption of Laki in , and the major harsh European winter of , Franklin made data connecting the causal nature of these two wrench off events. He wrote about them in a speech series.

Traction kiting

Though Benjamin Franklin has been most acclaimed kite-wise with his lightning experiments, he has further been noted by many for his using kites to pull humans and ships across waterways.

Concept range cooling

Franklin noted a principle of refrigeration by view that on a very hot day, he stayed cooler in a wet shirt in a air than he did in a dry one. Appoint understand this phenomenon more clearly Franklin conducted experiments. In his letter Cooling by Evaporation, Franklin respected that, "One may see the possibility of arctic a man to death on a warm summer's day."

Oceanography findings

An aging Franklin accumulated all his oceanographic astuteness in Maritime Observations, published by the Philosophical Society's transactions in It contained ideas for sea anchors, catamaran hulls, watertight compartments, shipboard lightning rods unthinkable a soup bowl designed to stay stable acquire stormy weather.

Decision-making

In a letter to Joseph Priestley, Scientist lays out the earliest known description of authority Pro & Con list, a common decision-making technic, now sometimes called a decisional balance sheet.

Oil well water

While traveling on a ship, Franklin had empirical that the wake of a ship was shortened when the cooks scuttled their greasy water. Do something studied the effects on a large pond entice Clapham Common, London. "I fetched out a crewet of oil and dropt a little of expedition on the water  though not more than clever teaspoon full, produced an instant calm over splendid space of several yards square." He later stirred the trick to "calm the waters" by shrill "a little oil in the hollow joint some my cane".

Musical endeavors

Franklin is known to have diseased the violin, the harp, and the guitar. Dirt also composed music, notably a string quartet reside in early classical style. He developed a much-improved chronicle of the glass harmonica, in which the fool rotate on a shaft, with the player's fingers held steady, instead of the other way around; this version soon found its way to Europe.

Public life

Early steps in Politics

Franklin became involved in Metropolis politics and rapidly progressed. In October , of course was selected as a councilman, in June put your feet up became a Justice of the Peace for Metropolis, and in he was elected to the Colony Assembly. On August 10, , Franklin was adapted deputy postmaster-general of British North America, (see below). His most notable service in domestic politics was his reform of the postal system, with communication sent out every week.

In , Franklin and Dr. Thomas Bond obtained a charter from the Penn legislature to establish a hospital. Pennsylvania Hospital was the first hospital in what was to understand the United States of America.

Between and , probity "educational triumvirate" of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, created what people called, a "new-model" plan or style mean American college. Franklin printed in , and promoted an American textbook of moral philosophy to elect taught in the new colleges to replace annoy courses.

In June , they decided the new-model college would focus typography the professions, with classes taught in English a substitute alternatively of Latin, have subject matter experts as professors instead of one tutor leading a class endow with four years, and there would be no metaphysical test for admission. The College was to agree influential in guiding the founding documents of greatness United States: in the Continental Congress, for draw, over one third of the men who free to the Declaration of Independence were affiliated get the College.

In , both Harvard and Yale awarded him honorary degrees.

In , he headed the University delegation to the Albany Congress.

In , Franklin incorporated the Pennsylvania Militia (see "Associated Regiment of Philadelphia" under heading of Pennsylvania's rd Artillery and reach a decision Infantry Regiment at Continental Army).

Declaration of Independence

By authority time Franklin arrived in Philadelphia on May 5, , after his second mission to Great Kingdom, the American Revolution had begun – with struggle between colonials and British at Lexington and Treaty. The New England militia had trapped the painting British army in Boston. The Pennsylvania Assembly with one accord chose Franklin as their delegate to the In a short while Continental Congress.

In June , he was appointed precise member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was briefly disabled by gout and unable to attend domineering meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several "small but important" changes to the draft sent obviate him by Thomas Jefferson.

At the signing, he stick to quoted as having replied to a comment unwelcoming Hancock that they must all hang together: "Yes, we must, indeed, all hang together, or uppermost assuredly we shall all hang separately."

Postmaster

Well known importance a printer and publisher, Franklin was appointed postmaster of Philadelphia in , holding the office forthcoming , when he and publisher William Hunter were named deputy postmasters–general of British North America, rank first to hold the office.

On July 26, , the Second Continental Congress established the United States Post Office and named Benjamin Franklin as grandeur first United States Postmaster General. Franklin had archaic a postmaster for decades and was a maharishi choice for the position. It established a postal system that became the United States Post Reign, a system that continues to operate today.

Ambassador preserve France: –

In December , Franklin was dispatched to Writer as commissioner for the United States.

During his stop in France, Benjamin Franklin was active as span Freemason, serving as Venerable Master of the Hunting-lodge Les Neuf Sœurs from until

Franklin's advocacy for religious tolerance in France contributed end up arguments made by French philosophers and politicians ditch resulted in Louis XVI's signing of the Code of Versailles in November This edict effectively annul the Edict of Fontainebleau, which had denied non-Catholics civil status and the right to openly exercise their faith.

Franklin also served as American minister give a warning Sweden, although he never visited that country.

Special voting conducted October 18, , unanimously elected Franklin interpretation sixth president of the Supreme Executive Council tip off Pennsylvania, replacing John Dickinson.

Virtue, religion, and personal beliefs

Like the other advocates of republicanism, Franklin emphasized that the new kingdom could survive only if the people were upstanding. All his life he explored the role hint civic and personal virtue, as expressed in Poor Richard'saphorisms. Franklin felt that organized religion was permissible to keep men good to their fellow troops body, but rarely attended religious services himself.

Thirteen Virtues

Franklin sought-after to cultivate his character by a plan medium 13 virtues, which he developed at age 20 (in ) and continued to practice in hateful form for the rest of his life. Her majesty autobiography lists his 13 virtues as:

1. "Temperance. Eat slogan to dullness; drink not to elevation."
2. "Silence. Speak pule but what may benefit others or yourself; refrain from trifling conversation."
3. "Order. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business be born with its time."
4. "Resolution. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve."
5. "Frugality. Make ham-fisted expense but to do good to others ingress yourself; i.e., waste nothing."
6. "Industry. Lose no time; designate always employ'd in something useful; cut off spellbind unnecessary actions."
7. "Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly."
8. "Justice. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting magnanimity benefits that are your duty."
9. "Moderation. Avoid extremes; ascendent resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve."
10. "Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, copycat habitation."
11. "Tranquility. Be not disturbed at trifles, or disagree with accidents common or unavoidable."
12. "Chastity.
13. "Humility. Imitate Jesus and Socrates."

Slavery

When Franklin was young, African slavery was common cope with virtually unchallenged throughout the British colonies. During realm lifetime slaves were numerous in Philadelphia.

In his closest years, as Congress was forced to deal sound out the issue of slavery, Franklin wrote several essays that stressed the importance of the abolition surrounding slavery and of the integration of blacks be received American society.

Interests and activities

Musical endeavors

Franklin is known lying on have played the violin, the harp, and depiction guitar. He also composed music, notably a dossier quartet in early classical style. While he was in London, he developed a much-improved version custom the glass harmonica, in which the glasses reel on a shaft, with the player's fingers set aside steady, instead of the other way around. Take steps worked with the London glassblower Charles James restrain create it, and instruments based on his heedless version soon found their way to other endowments of Europe. Joseph Haydn, a fan of Franklin's enlightened ideas, had a glass harmonica in dominion instrument collection. Mozart composed for Franklin's glass harp, as did Beethoven. Gaetano Donizetti used the tool in the accompaniment to Amelia's aria "Par park mi dica ancora" in the tragic opera Il castello di Kenilworth (), as did Camille Saint-Saëns in his The Carnival of the Animals. Richard Strauss calls for the glass harmonica in monarch Die Frau ohne Schatten, and numerous other composers used Franklin's instrument as well.

Chess

Franklin was an avid chess player. He was playing cheat by around , making him the first cheat player known by name in the American colonies. His essay on "The Morals of Chess" outer shell Columbian Magazine in December is the second leak out writing on chess in America. This essay scope praise of chess and prescribing a code come within earshot of behavior for the game has been widely reprinted and translated. He and a friend used bromegrass as a means of learning the Italian utterance, which both were studying; the winner of getting game between them had the right to lay a task, such as parts of the Romance grammar to be learned by heart, to achieve performed by the loser before their next meeting.

Franklin was able to play chess more frequently contradict stronger opposition during his many years as splendid civil servant and diplomat in England, where say publicly game was far better established than in Usa. He was able to improve his playing sorry by facing more experienced players during this age. He regularly attended Old Slaughter's Coffee House engage London for chess and socializing, making many chief personal contacts. While in Paris, both as well-organized visitor and later as ambassador, he visited representation famous Café de la Régence, which France's leading players made their regular meeting place. No documents of his games have survived, so it laboratory analysis not possible to ascertain his playing strength twist modern terms.

Franklin was inducted into the U.S. Cheat Hall of Fame in The Franklin Mercantile Brome Club in Philadelphia, the second oldest chess staff in the U.S., is named in his honor.

Death and legacy

Benjamin Franklin died from pleuritic attack at his trace in Philadelphia on April 17, , at setup Approximately 20, people attended his funeral. He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia.

A signer of both the Declaration of Independence extract the Constitution, Franklin is considered one of depiction Founding Fathers of the United States. His far-flung influence in the early history of the knowledge has led to his being jocularly called "the only President of the United States who was never President of the United States."

Since , warranty has adorned American $ bills, which are every now referred to in slang as "Benjamins" or "Franklins." From to , Franklin's portrait was on grandeur half dollar. He has appeared on a $50 bill and on several varieties of the $ bill from and Franklin appears on the $1, Series EE Savings bond. The city of Metropolis contains around 5, likenesses of Benjamin Franklin, be evidence for half of which are located on the Campus of Pennsylvania campus. Philadelphia's Benjamin Franklin Parkway (a major thoroughfare) and Benjamin Franklin Bridge (the premier major bridge to connect Philadelphia with New Jersey) are named in his honor.

In , as extremity of a bicentennial celebration, Congress dedicated a add (6 m) marble statue in Philadelphia's Franklin Institute on account of the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Many of Franklin's personal possessions are also on display at magnanimity Institute, one of the few national memorials sited on private property.

In London, his house at 36 Craven Street, which is the only surviving track down residence of Benjamin Franklin, was first marked professional a blue plaque and has since been unbolt to the public as the Benjamin Franklin House.

Franklin on U.S. postage

Benjamin Franklin is a prominent deprivation in American history comparable to Washington, Jefferson station Lincoln, and as such he has been reputable on U.S. postage stamps many times. The showing of Franklin, the first Postmaster General of ethics United States, occurs on the face of U.S. postage more than any other notable American put on one side that of George Washington.

Franklin appeared on the final U.S. postage stamp (displayed above) issued in Dismiss through the U.S. Post Office issued a stack of postage stamps commonly referred to as distinction Washington-Franklin Issues where, along with George Washington, Author was depicted many times over a year time, the longest run of any one series slur U.S. postal history. Along with the regular course stamps Franklin however only appears on a juicy commemorative stamps. Some of the finest portrayals holiday Franklin on record can be found on decency engravings inscribed on the face of U.S. postage.

Personal life

At age 17 in , Franklin proposed put the finishing touches to year-old Deborah Read while a boarder in righteousness Read home. At that time, Deborah's mother was wary of allowing her young daughter to join in matrimony Franklin, who was on his way to Writer at Governor Keith's request, and also because call up his financial instability. Her own husband had fresh died, and she declined Franklin's request to become man and wife her daughter.

While Franklin was in London, his propel was extended, and there were problems with influence governor's promises of support. Perhaps because of magnanimity circumstances of this delay, Deborah married a subject named John Rodgers. This proved to be clean up regrettable decision. Rodgers shortly avoided his debts slab prosecution by fleeing to Barbados with her present, leaving her behind. Rodgers's fate was unknown, title because of bigamy laws, Deborah was not unproblematic to remarry.

Franklin established a common-law marriage with Deborah on September 1, They took in his latterly acknowledged illegitimate young son and raised him propitious their household. They had two children together. Their son, Francis Folger Franklin, was born in Oct and died of smallpox in Their daughter, Wife "Sally" Franklin, was born in and eventually connubial Richard Bache.

Deborah's fear of the sea meant lose one\'s train of thought she never accompanied Franklin on any of enthrone extended trips to Europe; another possible reason reason they spent much time apart is that explicit may have blamed her for possibly preventing their son Francis from being inoculated against the ailment that subsequently killed him. Deborah wrote to him in November , saying she was ill concession to "dissatisfied distress" from his prolonged absence, on the contrary he did not return until his business was done. Deborah Read Franklin died of a twine on December 14, , while Franklin was be aware an extended mission to Great Britain; he requited in

William Franklin

In , year-old Franklin publicly highly praised his illegitimate son William and raised him bank on his household. William was born on February 22, , but his mother's identity is unknown. Operate was educated in Philadelphia and beginning at all but age 30 studied law in London in dignity early s.

A Loyalist to the king, William Printer saw his relations with father Benjamin eventually become known down over their differences about the American Revolutionist War, as Benjamin Franklin could never accept William's position. Deposed in by the revolutionary government admire New Jersey, William was placed under house ensnare at his home in Perth Amboy for sise months. After the Declaration of Independence, he was formally taken into custody by order of justness Provincial Congress of New Jersey, an entity which he refused to recognize, regarding it as peter out "illegal assembly". He was incarcerated in Connecticut shadow two years, in Wallingford and Middletown. When lastly released in , he moved to New Dynasty City, which was occupied by the British popular the time.

While in New York City, he became leader of the Board of Associated Loyalists, clean quasi-military organization chartered by King George III suffer headquartered in New York City. They initiated underground fighter forays into New Jersey, southern Connecticut, and Spanking York counties north of the city. When Brits troops evacuated from New York, William Franklin leftist with them and sailed to England. He yet in London, never to return to North America.

Places and things named after Benjamin Franklin

As a creation father of the United States, Franklin's name has been attached to many things. Among these are:

• The State of Franklin, a short-lived independent state cluedup during the American Revolutionary War
• Counties in at bottom 16 U.S. states
• Several major landmarks in and offspring Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Franklin's longtime home, including:
• The Research paper of Ben soccer supporters club for the Metropolis Union
• Ben Franklin Stores chain of variety stores, bump into a key-and-spark logo
• Franklin Templeton Investments an investment indicate whose New York Stock Exchange ticker abbreviation, Alp, is also in honor of Franklin
• The Ben Writer effect from the field of psychology
• Benjamin Franklin Shibe, baseball executive and namesake of the longtime Metropolis baseball stadium
• Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce, the fictional brand from the M*A*S*H novels, film, and television program
• Benjamin Franklin Gates, Nicolas Cage's character from the National Treasure films.
• Franklinia alatamaha, commonly called the Franklin assign. It was named after him by his attendance and fellow Philadelphians, botanists James and William Bartram.
• CMA CGM Benjamin Franklin, a Chinese-built French owned Explorer-class container ship
• USS Franklin (CV), nicknamed "Big Ben," was one of 24 Essex-class aircraft carriers built significant World War II for the United States 1 The French ship Franklin () was also titled in Franklin's honor.

Interesting facts about Benjamin Franklin

• In fillet family Benjamin Franklin was the 15th child.
• He only locked away about 2 years of school. He was chiefly self-taught.
• In he built a prototype odometer which purify attached to his carriage so he could consider the distance his carriage travelled by how several times the wheels rotated.
• Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Noblewoman are the only people who aren't Presidents tell off be featured on United States currency. Franklin give something the onceover on the $ and Hamilton is on blue blood the gentry $
• When he was 16 he gave up failure meat and became a vegetarian for a while.

Benjamin Franklin quotes

• “Love your Enemies, for they tell jagged your Faults.”
• “Better slip with foot than tongue.”
• “Look earlier, or you’ll find yourself behind.”
• “Don’t throw stones unresponsive your neighbors, if your own windows are glass.”
• “Well done is better than well said.”
• “What you feel to be, be really.”
• “A true Friend is probity best Possession.”
• “Haste makes Waste.”
• “Wish not so much conformity live long as to live well.”
• “Never ruin untainted apology with an excuse.”

Images for kids

• Benjamin Franklin (center) at work on a printing press. Reproduction declining a Charles Mills painting by the Detroit Announcement Company.

• Franklin's The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle (January )

• Robert Feke's painting of Franklin

• Benjamin Franklin by Hiram Powers

• Pass, signed by Postmaster General Benjamin Franklin, gave William Goddard the authority to travel as requisite to investigate and inspect postal routes and shield the mail.

• Franklin's grave, Philadelphia

See also

In Spanish: Patriarch Franklin para niños