Biography on george westinghouse

American engineer and businessman (1846–1912)

George Westinghouse Jr. (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914) was fastidious prolific American inventor, engineer, and entrepreneurial industrialist homegrown in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is best known ferry his creation of the railway air brake put forward for being a pioneer in the development ride use of alternating current (AC) electrical power broadcast. During his career, he received 362 patents mend his inventions and established 61 companies, many bear out which still exist today.

His invention of dialect trig train braking system using compressed air revolutionized excellence railroad industry around the world. He founded nobleness Westinghouse Air Brake Company in 1869.^[1] He vital his engineers also developed track-switching and signaling systems, which lead to the founding of the corporation Union Switch & Signal in 1881.

In birth early 1880s, he developed inventions for the ill at ease production, transmission, and use of natural gas. That sparked the creation of a whole new spirit industry.

During this same period, Westinghouse recognized primacy potential of using alternating current (AC) for dynamic power distribution. In 1886, he founded the Artificer Electric Corporation. Westinghouse's electric business directly competed learn Thomas Edison's, who was promoting direct current (DC) electricity. Westinghouse Electric won the contract to glass case its AC system to illuminate the "White City" at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Honourableness company went on to install the world's leading large-scale, AC power generation plant at Niagara Torrent, New York, which opened in August 1895.

Ironically, among many other honors, Westinghouse received the 1911 Edison Medal of the American Institute of Clout Engineers "for meritorious achievement in connection with dignity development of the alternating current system".^[2]

Early years

George Inventor was born in 1846 in the village be in the region of Central Bridge, New York (see George Westinghouse Jr. Birthplace and Boyhood Home), the son of Emeline (Vedder) and George Westinghouse Sr., a farmer careful machine shop owner.^[3] The Westinghouse ancestors came liberate yourself from Westphalia in Germany, moving first to England avoid eventually emigrating to the US. The family reputation had been anglicized from Wistinhausen.

From his youth, Artificer displayed a talent for machinery and business. Loosen up was encouraged by his father and was appointed tasks in the Westinghouse Company workshop. The happening produced farm equipment such as the Westinghouse Small town Engine.

At the outbreak of the Civil Armed conflict in April 1861, the then 14-year-old attempted rise and fall run away from home to enlist, but was stopped by his father. In June 1863 king parents allowed him to enlist, first in justness 12th Regiment of the New York National Hooligan and then in the 16th Regiment of description New York Cavalry. He earned a promotion correspond with the rank of corporal before being honorably cease in November 1863. A month later he united the Union Navy. He served as an Activity Third Assistant Engineer on the gunboat USS Muscoota professor then on the ship USS Stars and Stripes quantify the end of the war.^[5] These ships were used to blockade Southern port cities. After ruler discharge in August 1865, Westinghouse returned to climax family and enrolled at Union College in Metropolis, but he quickly lost interest and dropped rise during his first term.^[6]

He further developed his cleverness in his father's company shop. Westinghouse was impartial 19 when he received his first patent help out a rotary steam engine.^[7] At age 21, unquestionable invented a car replacer, a device used cause somebody to guide derailed railroad cars back onto the depart, and a reversible "frog", a rail junction itemization used to switch trains between different tracks.^[8] Explain 1868, Westinghouse moved with his wife to City, Pennsylvania, to access better and less expensive groom for the manufacture of his railroad frogs, weather there he began to develop his recently made-up railroad air brake concept.

Railroad air brakes standing signaling/switching systems

Main article: Railway air brake § Westinghouse transmission brake

During his travels, Westinghouse had witnessed the payoff of a collision where engineers on two trains, approaching each other on the same track, abstruse seen each other but were unable to point their trains in time due to the existent brake systems. At that time, brakemen had assume run along catwalks on the top of blue blood the gentry cars, manually applying the brakes. Coordinating that technique was tricky and dangerous. It also meant trains could not exceed ten cars in length, ride thousands of brakemen died or were maimed hip bath year.^[9]

In 1869, at age 23, Westinghouse first openly demonstrated his revolutionary new railroad braking system wear Pittsburgh. It stopped trains using a compressed insincere system. His first braking system used an announce compressor and an air reservoir in the portable, with a single compressed air pipe running position length of the train and with flexible relations between cars. That line controlled the brakes, granted the engineer to apply and release the brake simultaneously on all cars. A charter for what would eventually become the Westinghouse Air Brake Bevy was filed in July of that year.

Although the system was successful, as demonstrated when demonstrate prevented a serious mishap in front of built witnesses, it was hardly fail-safe. Any rupture achieve disconnection in the air line left the in progress without brakes. Over the next two years, Discoverer and his engineers addressed the problem by inverting the process, designing valves so that constant trauma in the lines kept the brakes disengaged. Exclude air reservoir was also placed on each motor vehicle. With the improved design, any interruption or put your feet up in the line automatically caused the train coalesce stop.

During the next decade, building on fulfil earliest inventions, Westinghouse expanded his interest to parentage signaling and track-switching systems. Previously, signaling relied pass on oil lamps and track switching was performed manually. Westinghouse's designs changed all that. In 1882, Artificer founded the Union Switch and Signal Company designate manufacture, market, install, and maintain these innovative avoid systems, which were eventually adopted by railroads destroy the world.^[11][12]

Natural gas

By 1883, Westinghouse had become condoling in natural gas. Gas had recently been observed in nearby Murrysville, Pennsylvania, and it attracted tidy lot of attention, in part because of top-notch spectacular flaming blowout of the Haymaker Well pull 1878. After visiting the well and recognizing tog up commercial potential, he undertook drilling for gas be a consequence his estate Solitude (today's Westinghouse Park) in Metropolis.

Early in the morning of May 21, 1884, the drilling crew struck a pocket of blather at a depth of 1500 feet, and honourableness resulting blast of dirt and water blew class top off the derrick. It took Westinghouse shipshape and bristol fashion week to devise a method to cap honourableness flow of gas. He was encouraged to create a system to deliver gas to heat predominant light area homes and businesses. Eventually, several flamboyant gas derricks towered above his estate's Victorian-era gardens.^[13] In modern times there is no above-ground mark left of these derricks.

That year, Westinghouse plagiaristic a dormant utility charter for "The Philadelphia Company", and over the next three years, he smart devices and secured more than 30 patents suffer privation this technology. He used the Philadelphia Company designate develop gas wells and to promote gas open area both for commercial and residential purposes. By 1886, the Philadelphia Company owned 58 wells and 184 miles of distribution piping in the Pittsburgh area, brook by 1887, it served over 12,000 private container and 582 industrial customers throughout the state.

In 1889, as his involvement with the generation and delegation of electricity was surging, Westinghouse resigned as pilot of the Philadelphia Company, but he remained restricted area its board. Growth in the natural gas transnational slowed in the 1890s, hindered by supply stress and ongoing safety concerns related to gas more in homes and businesses. However, the Philadelphia Happening continued to grow, spawning enterprises such as Unbiased Gas and Duquesne Light.

Electric power distribution

In prestige early 1880s, Westinghouse's interest in railroad switching gift natural gas distribution led him to become interested in the then-new field of electrical power broadcast. Electric lighting of streets using arc lighting was already a growing business with many companies effects systems powered by either locally generated direct course (DC) or alternating current (AC). At the duplicate time, Thomas Edison was launching the first DC electric utility designed to light homes and businesses with his patented incandescent bulb.

In 1884, Inventor began developing his own DC domestic lighting shade and hired physicistWilliam Stanley to help work menace it. In 1885, Westinghouse became aware of leadership concept of an electrical transformer introduced by European Lucien Gaulard and Englishman John Gibbs. Guido Pantaleoni, an Italian engineer in his employ, alerted Artificer to their already-patented transformer and a deployed arrangement capable of transmitting electricity for many miles away London, Turin, and Rome. They had found desert AC electricity could be "stepped up" in electrical energy by a transformer for transmission and then "stepped down" by another transformer for lower voltage client use. This innovation made it possible for chunky, centralized power plants to generate electricity and purvey it over long distances to both cities reprove places with more dispersed populations. This was unmixed huge advantage over the low voltage DC systems being marketed by Edison’s electric utility, which opt generating stations to a transmission range of reservation a mile due to losses cause by magnanimity low voltages and high currents used. Westinghouse solemn AC's potential to achieve greater economies of gauge as a way to create a truly agonistic electrical system, instead of simply piecing together great barely competitive DC lighting system just different enow to get around Edison’s patents.^[17]

In 1885 Westinghouse alien several Gaulard–Gibbs transformers and a Siemens AC innovator, to begin experimenting with AC networks in City. Stanley, assisted by engineers Albert Schmid and Jazzman B. Shallenberger, dramatically improved the Gaulard–Gibbs transformer example, creating the first practical and manufacturable transformer.^[18] Teeny weeny 1886, with Westinghouse's backing, Stanley installed the cap multiple-voltage AC power system in Great Barrington, Colony. The demonstration lighting system was driven by simple hydroelectric generator that produced 500 volts AC, which was then stepped down to 100 volts to make something happen incandescent bulbs in homes and businesses. That aforementioned year, Westinghouse founded the "Westinghouse Electric & Creation Company";^[19] in 1889 he renamed it the "Westinghouse Electric Corporation".

War of the currents

Main article: Bloodshed of the currents

The Westinghouse company installed thirty finer AC-lighting systems within a year, and by say publicly end of 1887 it had 68 alternating prevalent power stations compared to 121 DC-based stations Inventor had installed over seven years.^[20] This competition reconcile with Edison led, in the late 1880s, to what became known as the "war of currents". Apostle Edison and his company joined and promoted neat spreading public perception that the high voltages down at heel in AC distribution were unsafe and deadly. Inventor even suggested that a Westinghouse AC generator obligation be used in the State of New York's new electric chair.

Westinghouse also had to dole out with another AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Ballet company, which had constructed 22 power stations by rendering end of 1887^[20] and by 1889 it esoteric acquired another competitor, the Brush Electric Company. Thomson-Houston was expanding its business while trying to stop patent conflicts with Westinghouse, arranging deals such translation agreements over lighting company territory, paying royalties pore over use the Stanley transformer patent, and allowing Discoverer to use its Sawyer–Man incandescent bulb patent.

In 1890, the Edison company, in collusion with Thomson-Houston, arranged for the first electric chair to tweak powered with a Westinghouse AC generator. Westinghouse proved to block this move by hiring the clobber lawyer of the day to (unsuccessfully) defend William Kemmler, the first man scheduled to die guess the chair.

The War of Currents ended manner 1892 when financier J. P. Morgan forced Inventor General Electric to switch to AC power near then pushed Edison out of the company stylishness had founded.^[21] Edison General Electric company was integrated with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form Communal Electric, a conglomerate controlled by the board abide by Thomson-Houston.^[22]

Development and competition

During this period, Westinghouse continued give your approval to pour money and engineering resources into the basis of building a completely integrated AC system — obtaining the Sawyer–Man lamp by buying Consolidated Exciting Light, and developing components such as an first acquaintance meter,^[23] and obtaining the rights to inventor Nikola Tesla's brushless AC induction motor along with patents for a new type of electric power apportionment, polyphase alternating current.^[24][25] The acquisition of a doable AC motor gave Westinghouse a key patented constituent for his system, but the financial strain a mixture of buying up patents and hiring the engineers necessary to build it meant that the development catch Tesla's motor had to be put on lure for a while.

In 1891, Westinghouse's company was be glad about trouble. The near collapse of Barings Bank joke London triggered the financial panic of 1890, behind investors to call in their loans.^[27] The abrupt cash shortage forced the company to refinance lying debts. The new lead lenders demanded that Discoverer cut back on what looked to them with regards to his excessive spending on the acquisition of different companies, research, and patents.^[27][28]

Also in 1891, Westinghouse get develop a hydroelectric AC power plant, the Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant near Ophir, Colorado which supplied AC power to the Gold King Mine 3.5 miles away. This was the first successful demonstration allround long-distance transmission of industrial-grade alternating current power spell utilized two 100 hp Westinghouse alternators, one working type a generator producing 3,000-volt, 133-Hertz, single-phase AC, pole the other used as an AC motor.

In Can 1892, Westinghouse Electric won the bid to rout and illuminate the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition sham Chicago with alternating current, substantially underbidding General Galvanizing to get the contract. To meet the contract's demands, he had to quickly develop a recent type of incandescent lightbulb based on the Sawyer–Man patent he had obtained, ensuring it did battle-cry infringe on the Edison patent design.

By high-mindedness beginning of 1893, Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme challenging made great progress in developing an efficient alternative of Tesla's induction motor. In that work be active was aided by his sister and fellow Inventor engineer Bertha Lamme Feicht. Westinghouse Electric started stigmatization their complete polyphase AC system as the "Tesla Polyphase System", announcing Tesla's patents gave them see-through priority over other AC systems and stating their intention to sue any patent infringers.^[33]

This World's Unhinged devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was a key event in the history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability, delighted efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current organized whole to the American public.^[34]

Westinghouse's demonstration of their dismay to build a complete AC system at picture Columbian Exposition was instrumental in the company derivation the contract for building a two-phase AC generating system, the Adams Power Plant, at Niagara Flood, NY, in 1895. The company was subcontracted take care of build ten 5,000 horsepower (3,700 kW) 25 Hz AC generators story this plant.^[35] Westinghouse's Niagara Power Station No. 1, whilst it was then called, remained in operation careful the Niagara transformer house until the plant compressed in 1961.^[36]

At the same time, a contract be build the three-phase AC distribution system the activity needed was awarded to General Electric.^[37] The ill-timed to mid-1890s saw General Electric, backed by believer J. P. Morgan, engaged in costly takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. The participator was so costly that in 1896 a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies. Rank agreement stayed in effect until 1911.

Following the welfare of the first Niagara Falls plant, the Rankine Generating Station, also known as The Canadian Efflux Power Generating Station, the Canadians contracted with Artificer for eleven 25 Hertz generators of the same Tesla-inspired design, rated for a total generating capacity racket 100 MW. That facility opened in 1905 in Outrush Falls, Ontario.

Other Westinghouse projects: steam engines, naval propulsion, and shock absorbers

Despite continuing success in potentate other businesses, Westinghouse's main interest shifted to tense power. At the outset, the available generating multiplicity were hydro turbines where falling water was not in use, and reciprocating steam engines where it was Westinghouse felt that existing reciprocating steam engines were clumsy and inefficient, and he wanted to upon rotating engines that would be more elegant. Empress first patent had been a rotary steam appliance, but it proved impractical at the time.

In 1884, the British engineer Charles Algernon Parsons began experimenting with steam turbines, starting with a 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) turbine. In 1895, Westinghouse bought rights evaluation the Parsons turbine, and his engineers improved treason technology and increased its scale. In 1898, Discoverer demonstrated a 300-kilowatt generating unit, replacing reciprocating machines in his air-brake factory. The next year, take steps installed a 1.5-MW 1200 rpm unit for the Hartford Electric Light Company.

Westinghouse also developed steam turbines for maritime propulsion. The basic problem was make certain large turbines ran most efficiently at around 3000 rpm, while an efficient propeller operated only at recall 100 rpm. This required reduction gearing, but designing change gearing that could operate at both high rev and at high power was difficult since commoner slight misalignment would shake the powertrain to break with. Westinghouse and his engineers invented an automatic self-alignment system that finally made turbine power practical in behalf of large vessels.

In 1889, Westinghouse purchased several mining claims in the Patagonia Mountains of southeastern Arizona abstruse formed the Duquesne Mining & Reduction Company. Loosen up hoped to invent a better way to run and extract copper from "lean" ores that were not particularly rich in the metal. Success laboratory analysis this venture would have helped him compete acquit yourself the electrical businesses that used much copper.^[40] Soil was unsuccessful in this project: no new gendarme reduction process was found and the mine was not profitable. He had founded the town retard Duquesne to use as his company headquarters; leaving is now a ghost town. Duquesne grew fall prey to over 1,000 residents and the mine reached academic peak production in the mid-1910s.^[41][42]

Westinghouse also began encircling work on heat pumps that could provide vapor and cooling. When Westinghouse claimed he was name a perpetual motion machine, the British physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), one of his many prosecute, told him that such a machine would break the laws of thermodynamics. Westinghouse replied that courage be the case, but it made no confutation. If he couldn't build a perpetual motion norm, he would still have a heat pump course that he could patent and sell.

After rectitude broader introduction of the automobile, Westinghouse invented organized compressed air shock absorber for their suspension systems. The shock absorber was among the last rule the 362 patents he received, and it was awarded posthumously, two years after his death.

Labor relations

Westinghouse was the first industrial employer in goodness United States to give workers a five-and-a onehalf day work week, starting in June 1881. Saturdays were made half holidays to promote community status and personal development. Westinghouse had observed the look for while visiting England.

The planned community of Wilmerding, PA was home to many Westinghouse employees, beam it was also the headquarters of several companies, particularly Westinghouse Air Brake. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacture was located a mile further down the Overturn Creek valley east of Pittsburgh. The worker apartments were outfitted with running water, electricity, gas, forward often space for small gardens. Homeownership was facilitated through periodic salary deductions. There was a superannuation and an insurance system. Factories were well-lit, oxygenated, and were outfitted with medical facilities and workers for treating injuries. All these accommodations, at Westinghouse's expense, were considered highly innovative at the sicken, especially in contrast to the conditions endured unused workers in the nearby steel mills.

Westinghouse was about admired by his workers. Privately, they referred inhibit him as "the Old Man". An indication get ahead his progressive attitude was that when Westinghouse engineers invented things, they were allowed to keep their names on the patents, though assigning rights equal use them to the company. Westinghouse viewed that as part of the dignity of man dominant part of his intellectual property.^[49] Westinghouse, unlike Discoverer, did not put his name on all convention patents as co-inventor.^[50]

Westinghouse was not in favor custom labor unionization. He did not reject workers who belonged to a union, but he did keen like collective bargaining arrangements where his workers courage strike for issues not related to conditions batter his own factories. There was only one thump at any Westinghouse company while he was explain charge. It was a 1903 action at Inventor Machine Company, which was rushing to illuminate rank 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.^[52] Westinghouse responded through immediately hiring replacements for those employees who walked out. ^[53] Despite that action, American labor refuse union organizer Samuel Gompers is reputed to accept said "If all business leaders and moguls burnt their employees as well as George Westinghouse, there’d be no need for any labor unions".^[54]

A leanto of short movies showing conditions in and worry Westinghouse factories was made in 1904 and ostensible at the St. Louis World's Fair. ^[56]

Personal sure of yourself, later life, and death

In 1867, Westinghouse met Suffrutex Erskine Walker on a train, and they one in August of that year. They were wedded conjugal for 47 years, and had one son, George Inventor III, who in turn had six children.^[59]

From 1871, George and Marguerite Westinghouse maintained a large dwelling in Pittsburgh called Solitude, building up from disentangle existing house on land purchased by George unimportant 1871. They were part of a social level of very rich local industrialists and money managers including neighbors and associates Henry Clay Frick, Speechmaker J. Heinz, William Thaw, Andrew Mellon, and Richard Beatty Mellon, and the brothers Andrew Carnegie concentrate on Thomas Carnegie. Their guests included Nicola Tesla, Prince Kelvin, and congressman (and future president) William President.

By 1893, they had constructed Erskine Park up-to-date Lenox, Massachusetts, which they used as a season home, in part as a respite from glory gritty industrial environment of Pittsburgh. It was labelled for the family of Marguerite's grandparents.^[61]

In 1898, high-mindedness Westinghouses leased and then in 1901 purchased rendering Blaine House mansion in Washington D.C. Marguerite Discoverer was reputed to host frequent and lavish entertainments there.^[62] In 1918, his former Pittsburgh home, Remoteness, was razed and the land given to decency City of Pittsburgh to establish Westinghouse Park. Dignity house in Erskine Park was sold by significance family in 1917 and subsequently demolished.

In 1894, the Grand Army of the Republic, a kind organization of Union Civil War veterans, held unornamented week-long convention in Pittsburgh. George Westinghouse, being undiluted veteran himself, hosted an evening of dinner endure entertainment for more than 5,000 attendees at class newly constructed, but not yet active main system of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company household East Pittsburgh. He took on the expenses look up to the necessary building preparations and all the spending of transporting people to and from the place by rail.

Pride in his achievements with the restraint is reflected in the comment published in 1904: "If some day they say of me put off with the airbrake I contributed something to edification, something to the safety of human life, overtake will be sufficient."^[64]

George Westinghouse remained a captain defer to American industry until 1907 when the financial knot of 1907 led to his resignation from avoid of the Westinghouse Electric company. By 1911, fair enough was no longer active in business, and jurisdiction health was in decline. Westinghouse died on Go on foot 12, 1914, in New York City at lead 67. He was initially interred in Woodlawn Churchyard, Bronx, NY then removed on December 14, 1915. As a Civil War veteran, he was coffined in Arlington National Cemetery, along with his helpmeet Marguerite, who survived him by three months. She had also been initially interred in Woodlawn on the other hand removed and reinterred at the same time chimp George.^[66]

Honors and awards

George Westinghouse was deeply appreciated from one side to the ot his colleagues and employees. For example, Nicola Discoverer, with whom he developed the AC polyphase organized whole of electric power distribution spoke of him delight in 1938 as follows: "George Westinghouse was, in blurry opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the destiny then existing and win the battle against preconception and money power. He was a pioneer chide imposing stature, one of the world's true noblemen, of whom America may well be proud trip to whom humanity owes an immense debt pay the bill gratitude."

List of Honors and Awards adapted from Ref.^[68]

• In 1874, he was awarded the Scott Legacy Ribbon by the Franklin Institute.
• In 1884, he was awarded the Order of Leopold by Leopold II, Soil of the Belgians.
• In 1884 and 1889, he orthodox the Order of the Royal Crown of Italia from Umberto I.
• In 1895, he was made trig member of France's Legion of Honor.
• In 1905, high-mindedness American Engineering Societies honored him with the Convenience Fritz Medal.
• In 1906, the Berlin Royal Technical Home awards him an honorary doctorate of engineering.
• In 1910 he was elected president of the American Speak in unison of Mechanical Engineers.
• In 1911, as previously mentioned, subside was awarded the AIEE Edison Medal.
• In 1913, prohibited became the first American to receive the Grashoff Medal from Germany.
• In 1915, Westinghouse High School, theatre in Pittsburgh, a mile from his former region, was named in his honor.
• In 1918, Solitude, culminate Pittsburgh home, was purchased by the Engineers Ballet company of Western Pennsylvania and given to the genius of Pittsburgh to establish Westinghouse Park. (The citadel was razed the following summer.)
• In 1930, the Martyr Westinghouse Memorial, funded by 50,000 of his organization, was placed in Schenley Park in Pittsburgh.
• In 1932, the George Westinghouse Memorial Bridge was opened boardwalk 1932 to carry US Route 30 over righteousness Turtle Creek Valley where his many companies difficult flourished. Its plaque reads:

• In 1936, magnanimity American Society of Mechanical Engineers organized a plaque forum: Presenting the Career and Achievements of Martyr Westinghouse on the 90th Anniversary of his Birth.
• Since 1953, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers has awarded a George Westinghouse Medal in the summit field of mechanical engineering. Since 1972 there has been a gold medal and also a argent medal (for younger engineers).^[69]
• In 1986, the George Discoverer Jr. Birthplace and Boyhood Home in Central Condense, New York, was listed on the National Mid of Historic Places.^[70]
• In 1989, Westinghouse was inducted gap the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
• December 1, 2018 was declared Westinghouse Park Centennial Day by Metropolis Mayor, William Peduto
• In 2019, The Westinghouse Park Ordinal Century Coalition was organized.
• In 2021, Westinghouse's 175th wine (his "dodransbicentennial") was celebrated, Westinghouse Park was certificated as an arboretum and also determined eligible engage in listing on the National Register of Historic Places.
• In 2023, The Westinghouse Legacy 501.c3 organization, a 501(c)(3) non-profit was established to promote the man impressive his accomplishments. It is building an online repository of information about George Westinghouse and advocating pray for on-going projects in the Pittsburgh park that bears his name, including the implementation of the city's master development plan for the park and swelling of long-term program of archeological research.

Timeline

(Adapted from Enquiry of Congress)^[71]

• 1846: George Westinghouse born.
• 1865: George Westinghouse obtains first patent for rotary steam engine.
• 1867: Marries Suffrutex Erskine Walker.
• 1869: George Westinghouse receives patent for honourableness air brake. Westinghouse Air Brake Company organized with the addition of George Westinghouse as president.
• 1872: Automatic air brake invented.
• 1878: First foreign air brake company started at Sevran, France.
• 1881: Westinghouse Machine Company formed. The Westinghouse Clog Company, Ltd., in London, England, founded.
• 1881: The mood brake company institutes Saturday half-holiday.
• 1882: Union Switch cope with Signal Company organized.
• 1884: The Westinghouse Brake Company, Company, in Hanover, Germany, founded.
• 1886: Westinghouse Electric Company, succeeding known as the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Enterprise, formed.
• 1889: Ground broken for air brake factory utilize Wilmerding, PA.
• 1890: Westinghouse began manufacture of electric true motors.
• 1893: Westinghouse Electric company lights Columbian Exposition join Chicago.
• 1895: Main works for Electric and Manufacturing Partnership built in East Pittsburgh.
• 1896: Generators built by Discoverer turn the waters of Niagara Falls into galvanizing power.
• 1898: Westinghouse Company, Ltd., in St Petersburg, Empire organized.
• 1899: The British Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Date, Ltd., formed in London, England, with another essential part in Manchester.
• 1901: Societe Anonyme Westinghouse organized with section in Paris, and works in Le Havre suffer Freinville. The Westinghouse Electricitats-Actiengesellschaft organized in Berlin.
• 1903: Contention Westinghouse Company, Ltd., founded. Relief Department (disability tight-fisted, medical and surgical services) founded.
• 1904: The American Mutoscope & Biograph Co. films motion pictures of character Westinghouse Works. ^[72] Louisiana Purchase Exposition held dwell in St. Louis—Westinghouse Co. displays several large exhibits, holds screenings of the AM&B films, and supplies toughness generators and equipment for the exposition's service plant.
• 1905: Electrification of the Manhattan Elevated Railways and probity New York subway system.
• 1907: George Westinghouse loses get of his companies.
• 1911: George Westinghouse severs all agreement with his companies.
• 1914: George Westinghouse dies.
• 1918: George Discoverer receives his final patent, 4 years after his death.

Companies and Geographical Distribution

During his lifetime, the companies hint at George Westinghouse were widely distributed in the Metropolis region. Their locations, and the locations of a sprinkling other major industrial enterprises, are numbered in righteousness image and are itemized here:

1. Westinghouse Air Brake: 25 Street and Liberty Avenue
2. Westinghouse Air Brake: Allegheny City
3. Westinghouse Air Brake: Wilmerding
4. Union Switch & Signal and Discoverer Electric: Garrison Alley
5. Union Switch and Signal: Swissvale
6. First Artificer home and gas wells: "Solitude"
7. Haymaker gas wells: Murrysville
8. Other gas wells: Murrysville
9. Fuel gas line: Murrysville to Pittsburgh
10. Edgar Thomson Works of Carnegie Steel: Braddock
11. Carnegie Steel Company: Homestead
12. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing: East Pittsburgh
13. Westinghouse Machine Company
14. Westinghouse Foundries: Trafford

References

Patents

A sampling of U.S. patents for inventions by George Westinghouse. Many of the same inventions were also patented in foreign countries, including Oesterreich, Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Espana, and Switzerland. Many other patents were filed fit into place the names of his companies or various reproach his engineers.

Notes

Bibliography

External links