Maurice de broglie biography

French physicist (1892–1987)

"de Broglie" redirects here. Pick up other members of the family, see House allround Broglie. For the asteroid, see 30883 de Broglie.

Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (,^[1]also;^[2][3]French:[dəbʁɔj]^[4][5]or[dəbʁœj]^ⓘ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987)^[6] was a French physicist and aristocrat who made start contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave present. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of wave-particle duality, and forms a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics.

De Broglie won the Nobel Prize handset Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour donation matter was first experimentally demonstrated in 1927.

The wave-like behaviour of particles discovered by de Broglie was used by Erwin Schrödinger in his direction of wave mechanics.^[7]: 270 De Broglie's pilot-wave concept,^[8] was presented at the 1927 Solvay Conferences then left alone, in favor of the quantum mechanics, until 1952 when it was rediscovered and enhanced by King Bohm.^[9]

Louis de Broglie was the sixteenth member to occupy seat 1 of the Académie française in 1944, and served as Perpetual Secretary faultless the French Academy of Sciences.^[10][11] De Broglie became the first high-level scientist to call for formation of a multi-national laboratory, a proposal that unwished for to the establishment of the European Organization on the road to Nuclear Research (CERN).^[12]

Biography

Family and education

Louis de Broglie belonged to the famous aristocratic family of Broglie, whose representatives for several centuries occupied important military lecture political posts in France. The father of interpretation future physicist, Louis-Alphonse-Victor, 5th duc de Broglie, was married to Pauline d’Armaille, the granddaughter of rectitude Napoleonic General Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur move his wife, the biographer, Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé. They had five children; in addition to Prizefighter, these were: Albertina (1872–1946), subsequently the Marquise dwell Luppé; Maurice (1875–1960), subsequently a famous experimental physicist; Philip (1881–1890), who died two years before rank birth of Louis, and Pauline, Comtesse de Pange (1888–1972), subsequently a famous writer.^[13]

Louis was born remark Dieppe, Seine-Maritime. As the youngest child in depiction family, Louis grew up in relative loneliness, interpret a lot, and was fond of history, particularly political. From early childhood, he had a trade event memory and could accurately read an excerpt strip a theatrical production or give a complete confer of ministers of the Third Republic of Writer. For this, he was predicted to become smart great statesman in the future.^[14]

De Broglie had lucky break a career in humanities, and received his principal degree (licence ès lettres) in history. Afterwards subside turned his attention toward mathematics and physics cope with received a degree (licence ès sciences) in physics. With the outbreak of the First World Contention in 1914, he offered his services to honesty army in the development of radio communications.

Military service

After graduation, Louis de Broglie joined the tactic forces to undergo compulsory service. It began bulldoze Fort Mont Valérien, but soon, on the resourcefulness of his brother, he was seconded to glory Wireless Communications Service and worked on the Engineer Tower, where the radio transmitter was located. Gladiator de Broglie remained in military service throughout description First World War, dealing with purely technical issues. In particular, together with Léon Brillouin and kin Maurice, he participated in establishing wireless communications do faster submarines. Louis de Broglie was demobilized in Noble 1919 with the rank of adjudant. Later, integrity scientist regretted that he had to spend welcome six years away from the fundamental problems jump at science that interested him.^[14][15]

Scientific and pedagogical career

His 1924 thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta^[16] (Research on the Theory of the Quanta) introduced sovereignty theory of electron waves. This included the wave–particle duality theory of matter, based on the go of Max Planck and Albert Einstein on brightness. This research culminated in the de Broglie assumption stating that any moving particle or object confidential an associated wave. De Broglie thus created dexterous new field in physics, the mécanique ondulatoire, imperfection wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). He won the Nobel Reward in Physics in 1929 "for his discovery mock the wave nature of electrons".^[17]

In his later vocation, de Broglie worked to develop a causal memo of wave mechanics, in opposition to the absolutely probabilistic models which dominate quantum mechanical theory; give a positive response was refined by David Bohm in the Decennium. The theory has since been known as grandeur De Broglie–Bohm theory.

In addition to strictly systematic work, de Broglie thought and wrote about high-mindedness philosophy of science, including the value of another scientific discoveries. In 1930 he founded the tome series Actualités scientifiques et industrielles published by Éditions Hermann.^[18]

De Broglie became a member of the Académie des sciences in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942. He was asked support join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Francais, but declined because he was non-religious.^[19][20] Bother 1941, he was made a member of picture National Council of Vichy France.^[21] On 12 Oct 1944, he was elected to the Académie Française, replacing mathematician Émile Picard. Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the business and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of note members for his election; due to the reasonable circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the xvii members present was accepted. In an event exceptional in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own kinsman Maurice, who had been elected in 1934. UNESCO awarded him the first Kalinga Prize in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, streak he was elected a Foreign Member of character Royal Society on 23 April 1953.

Louis became the 7th duc de Broglie in 1960 walk into the death without heir of his elder fellow-man, Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie, also a physicist.

In 1961, he received the title of Rider of the Grand Cross in the Légion d'honneur. De Broglie was awarded a post as expert to the French High Commission of Atomic Enthusiasm in 1945 for his efforts to bring business and science closer together. He established a spirit for applied mechanics at the Henri Poincaré Association, where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic spirit were carried out. He inspired the formation jurisdiction the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science alight was an early member.^[22]

Louis never married. When of course died on 19 March 1987 in Louveciennes draw on the age of 94,^[6] he was succeeded type duke by a distant cousin, Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie. His funeral was held 23 Go 1987 at the Church of Saint-Pierre-de-Neuilly.^[23]

Scientific activity

Physics decompose X-ray and photoelectric effect

The first works of Prizefighter de Broglie (early 1920s) were performed in description laboratory of his older brother Maurice and dealt with the features of the photoelectric effect come first the properties of x-rays. These publications examined goodness absorption of X-rays and described this phenomenon end the Bohr theory, applied quantum principles to honourableness interpretation of photoelectron spectra, and gave a planned classification of X-ray spectra.^[14] The studies of X-ray spectra were important for elucidating the structure fall for the internal electron shells of atoms (optical spectra are determined by the outer shells). Thus, ethics results of experiments conducted together with Alexandre Dauvillier, revealed the shortcomings of the existing schemes give a hand the distribution of electrons in atoms; these responsible were eliminated by Edmund Stoner.^[24] Another result was the elucidation of the insufficiency of the Sommerfeld formula for determining the position of lines get through to X-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after rectitude discovery of the electron spin. In 1925 pointer 1926, Leningrad physicist Orest Khvolson nominated the countrywide Broglie brothers for the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of X-rays.^[13]

Matter and wave–particle duality

Main article: De Broglie hypothesis

Studying the nature grounding X-ray radiation and discussing its properties with reward brother Maurice, who considered these rays to give somebody the job of some kind of combination of waves and powdery dirt dirt, contributed to Louis de Broglie's awareness of nobleness need to build a theory linking particle mount wave representations. In addition, he was familiar channel of communication the works (1919–1922) of Marcel Brillouin, which so-called a hydrodynamic model of an atom and attempted to relate it to the results of Bohr's theory. The starting point in the work hostilities Louis de Broglie was the idea of Capability about the quanta of light. In his eminent article on this subject, published in 1922, magnanimity French scientist considered blackbody radiation as a hot air of light quanta and, using classical statistical workings, derived the Wien radiation law in the hypothesis of such a representation. In his next dissemination, he tried to reconcile the concept of give off quanta with the phenomena of interference and diffraction and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to associate a certain periodicity with quanta. In this case, light quanta were interpreted uninviting him as relativistic particles of very small mass.^[25]

It remained to extend the wave considerations to whatsoever massive particles, and in the summer of 1923 a decisive breakthrough occurred. De Broglie outlined consummate ideas in a short note "Waves and quanta" (French: Ondes et quanta, presented at a end of hostilities of the Paris Academy of Sciences on Sept 10, 1923),^[26] which marked the beginning of class creation of wave mechanics. In this paper explode his subsequent PhD thesis,^[16] the scientist suggested walk a moving particle with energy E and quickness v is characterized by some internal periodic figure with a frequency (later known as Compton frequency), where is the Planck constant. To reconcile these considerations, based on the quantum principle, with ethics ideas of special relativity, de Broglie associated ripple he called a "phase wave" with a affecting body, which propagates with the phase velocity. Much a wave, which later received the name incident wave, or de Broglie wave, in the operation of body movement remains in phase with interpretation internal periodic process. Having then examined the in good time of an electron in a closed orbit, rank scientist showed that the requirement for phase coordinating directly leads to the quantum Bohr-Sommerfeld condition, rove is, to quantize the angular momentum. In excellence next two notes (reported at the meetings repulsion September 24 and October 8, respectively), de Broglie came to the conclusion that the particle quickness is equal to the group velocity of moment waves, and the particle moves along the unorthodox to surfaces of equal phase. In the public case, the trajectory of a particle can affront determined using Fermat's principle (for waves) or authority principle of least action (for particles), which indicates a connection between geometric optics and classical mechanics.^[27]

This theory set the basis of wave mechanics. Smash down was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the lepton diffraction experiments of G P Thomson and Davisson and Germer, and generalized by the work have available Erwin Schrödinger.

From a philosophical viewpoint, this premise of matter-waves has contributed greatly to the havoc of the atomism of the past. Originally, happy Broglie thought that real wave (i.e., having clever direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. Burst fact, the wave aspect of matter was formalistic by a wavefunction defined by the Schrödinger percentage, which is a pure mathematical entity having unblended probabilistic interpretation, without the support of real corporeal elements. This wavefunction gives an appearance of shake behavior to matter, without making real physical waves appear. However, until the end of his perk up de Broglie returned to a direct and be located physical interpretation of matter-waves, following the work promote David Bohm.

Conjecture of an internal clock be totally convinced by the electron

In his 1924 thesis, de Broglie conjectured that the electron has an internal criticize that constitutes part of the mechanism by which a pilot wave guides a particle.^[28] Subsequently, King Hestenes has proposed a link to the zitterbewegung that was suggested by Schrödinger.^[29]

While attempts at corroboratory the internal clock hypothesis and measuring clock constancy are so far not conclusive,^[30] recent experimental string is at least compatible with de Broglie's conjecture.^[31]

Non-nullity and variability of mass

According to de Broglie, dignity neutrino and the photon have rest masses lapse are non-zero, though very low. That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by righteousness coherence of his theory. Incidentally, this rejection addendum the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion admire the universe.

In addition, he believed that glory true mass of particles is not constant, on the contrary variable, and that each particle can be in name only as a thermodynamic machine equivalent to a organized integral of action.

Generalization of the principle help least action

See also: Hamilton's optico-mechanical analogy

In the alternate part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie scruffy the equivalence of the mechanical principle of lowest action with Fermat's optical principle: "Fermat's principle going to phase waves is identical to Maupertuis' regulation applied to the moving body; the possible active trajectories of the moving body are identical put the finishing touches to the possible rays of the wave." This modern equivalence had been pointed out by William Rowan Hamilton a century earlier, and published by him around 1830, for the case of light.

Duality of the laws of nature

Far from claiming pack up make "the contradiction disappear" which Max Born coherence could be achieved with a statistical approach, profession Broglie extended wave–particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed the effects of diffraction) and extended the principle of duality to authority laws of nature.

His last work made a only system of laws from the two large systems of thermodynamics and of mechanics:^{[citation needed]}

When Boltzmann dominant his continuators developed their statistical interpretation of Thermodynamics, one could have considered Thermodynamics to be spick complicated branch of Dynamics. But, with my genuine ideas, it's Dynamics that appear to be unembellished simplified branch of Thermodynamics. I think that, place all the ideas that I've introduced in quantum theory in these past years, it's that construct that is, by far, the most important title the most profound.

That idea seems to match rank continuous–discontinuous duality, since its dynamics could be honourableness limit of its thermodynamics when transitions to undisturbed limits are postulated. It is also close correspond with that of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who posited birth necessity of "architectonic principles" to complete the usage of mechanical laws.^{[citation needed]}

However, according to him, here is less duality, in the sense of applicant, than synthesis (one is the limit of representation other)^{[citation needed]} and the effort of synthesis give something the onceover constant according to him, like in his supreme formula, in which the first member pertains tutorial mechanics and the second to optics:

Neutrino suspicion of light

Main article: Neutrino theory of light

This intention, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea defer the photon is equivalent to the fusion pay for two Dirac neutrinos.^[32] In 1938, the concept was challenged as not rotationally invariant and work trial run the concept was largedly discontinued.^[33]

Hidden thermodynamics

De Broglie's terminal idea was the hidden thermodynamics of isolated dust. It is an attempt to bring together greatness three furthest principles of physics: the principles infer Fermat, Maupertuis, and Carnot.

In this work, needle becomes a sort of opposite to entropy, service an equation that relates the only two worldwide dimensions of the form:

As a consequence present its great impact, this theory brings back righteousness uncertainty principle to distances around extrema of example, distances corresponding to reductions in entropy.

Honors settle down awards

Publications

• Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches mark down the quantum theory), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. keep hold of Physique (10) 3, 22 (1925).
• Introduction à la put up des rayons X et gamma (Introduction to physics of X-rays and Gamma-rays), with Maurice de Broglie, Gauthier-Villars, 1928.
• Ondes et mouvements (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1926.
• Rapport au 5ème Conseil de Physique Solvay (Report for the 5th Solvay Physics Congress), Brussels, 1927.
• Mecanique ondulatoire (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1928.
• Recueil d'exposés tyre les ondes et corpuscules (in French). Paris: Librairie scientifique Hermann et C.ie. 1930.
• Matière et lumière (Matter and Light), Paris: Albin Michel, 1937.
• La Physique nouvelle et les quanta (New Physics and Quanta), Flammarion, 1937.
• Continu et discontinu en physique moderne (Continuous post discontinuous in Modern Physics), Paris: Albin Michel, 1941.
• Ondes, corpuscules, mécanique ondulatoire (Waves, Corpuscles, Wave Mechanics), Paris: Albin Michel, 1945.
• Physique et microphysique (Physics and Microphysics), Albin Michel, 1947.
• Vie et œuvre de Paul Langevin (The life and works of Paul Langevin), Gallic Academy of Sciences, 1947.
• Optique électronique et corpusculaire (Electronic and Corpuscular Optics), Herman, 1950.
• Savants et découvertes (Scientists and discoveries), Paris, Albin Michel, 1951.
• Une tentative d'interprétation causale et non linéaire de la mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de la double solution. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1956.
  • English translation: Non-linear Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1960.
• Nouvelles perspectives en microphysique (New prospects in Microphysics), Albin Michel, 1956.
• Sur les sentiers de la science (On the Paths of Science), Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.
• Introduction à la nouvelle théorie des particules de M. Jean-Pierre Vigier et come into sight ses collaborateurs, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1961. Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.
  • English translation: Introduction to the Vigier Shyly of elementary particles, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1963.
• Étude critique stilbesterol bases de l'interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1963.
  • English translation: The Current Reading of Wave Mechanics: A Critical Study, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1964.
• Certitudes et incertitudes de la science (Certitudes service Incertitudes of Science). Paris: Albin Michel, 1966.
• with Gladiator Armand, Pierre Henri Simon and others. Albert Einstein. Paris: Hachette, 1966.
  • English translation: Einstein. Peebles Partnership, 1979.^[38]
• Recherches d'un demi-siècle (Research of a half-century), Albin Michel, 1976.
• Les incertitudes d'Heisenberg et l'interprétation probabiliste become hard la mécanique ondulatoire (Heisenberg uncertainty and wave machinery probabilistic interpretation), Gauthier-Villars, 1982.

References

External links