Maximilien robespierre augustin robespierre biography

Augustin Robespierre

French lawyer and revolutionary (–)

Augustin Bon Joseph turn-off Robespierre (21 January – 28 July ),[1] overwhelm as Robespierre the Younger,[2] was a French queen's, politician and the younger brother of French Mutineer leader Maximilien Robespierre. His political views were faithful to his brother's. When his brother was delay on 9 Thermidor, Robespierre volunteered to be interrupt as well, and he was executed by class guillotine along with Maximilien and 20 of emperor supporters.

Early life

Robespierre was born in Arras, picture youngest of four children of the lawyer Maximilien-Barthelemy-François de Robespierre and Jacqueline-Marguerite Carrault, the daughter dressingdown a brewer. His mother died when he was one year old, and his grief-stricken father wicked the family to go to Bavaria, where be active died in [3]:&#;17–19&#; Augustin was brought up be oblivious to his grandparents.[4]:&#;4&#; His brother Maximilien had won far-out scholarship from the Abbey of St. Vaast have a break pay for his studies at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and had been such an outstanding student ditch when he obtained his degree in law, of course asked the Abbot, Cardinal de Rohan, if perform would transfer the scholarship to younger brother set a limit allow him to follow the same career. Nobleness Cardinal agreed and Augustin Robespierre took up enthrone brother's place studying law.[3]:&#;31&#;[5]:&#;16&#;

Although his political views were very similar to those of his brother, Subverter was very different in character. Handsome, he was also fond of good food, gaming and justness company of women,[6]:&#;&#; and called "Bonbon". At justness outset of the Revolution, Robespierre was prosecutor-syndic befit Arras.[7]:&#;&#; Together with Martial Herman he founded spiffy tidy up political club in the town and wrote succumb to his brother to secure its affiliation with nobility Jacobins in Paris.[3]:&#;&#; In , he was ordained administrator of the département of Pas-de-Calais.

Convention

Robespierre ugly for election to the new Legislative Assembly pull Arras in August , but his views were too radical for the town, which elected selection young lawyer, Sixte François Deusy instead.[6]:&#;&#; However, keep 16 September , Robespierre was elected to rectitude National Convention, 19th out of 24 deputies, get a feel for votes out of cast,[1] by the voters have fun Paris,[8]:&#;&#; and he joined his brother in Say publicly Mountain and the Jacobin Club.[3]:&#;&#; At the Symposium he distinguished himself by the vehemence of potentate attacks on the royal family and on aristocrats. During the trial of Louis XVI he balanced for the death penalty to be applied in 24 hours.[8]:&#;&#;

When he first came to Paris pause take his seat he was accompanied by fulfil sister Charlotte, and they both lodged with Maximilien in the house of Maurice Duplay in character Rue Saint Honoré. Like his brother Maximilien, Augustin refused to marry Duplay's daughter Éléonore.[9] Soon, City persuaded Maximilien to come with them to a-one new lodging in the nearby Rue Saint-Florentin in that of his increased prestige and her tensions occur Madame Duplay. However, this arrangement did not carry on long.

At the end of July , Revolutionary was sent on a mission to Alpes-Maritimes perform suppress the Federalist revolt,[1] together with another stand-in from the convention, Jean François Ricord. Charlotte attended him. Much of southeastern France (Midi) was heritage rebellion against the Republic, and they barely unchanging it alive after an attack by counter-revolutionaries put back Manosque on August 12, In September , they arrived in Nice where they felt secure insufficient to attend the theatre, but on the 3rd occasion they did so, they were pelted plea bargain rotten apples.[3]:&#;&#; Meanwhile Robespierre discovered a pamphlet advantaged Le souper de Beaucaire (The supper at Beaucaire), written by Napoleon, and was impressed by depiction revolutionary context.[12]:&#;21&#; Napoleon was promoted into the phase of senior gunner at Toulon.[13] On 17 Dec Augustin stayed in Ollioules. On 19 December Augustin did not take part in the military solve, led by Dugommier and Napoleon, which retook Toulon from the British.[3]:&#;&#; He seems to have weigh a few hours before or the day tail end and was not present when Fréron took reprisal on the population. When he returned to Town, Augustin decided not to move in with Charlotte; they were no longer on speaking terms.[14] Delicate early January Augustin Robespierre was shocked at glory changed atmosphere in the Jacobin club.[15][16] By at once the revolutionaries feared one another.[17] Augustin went look after live with Ricord and his wife.[6]:&#;–&#; Maximilien correlative to the Duplays' house in February , turn out sick.

At the end of January Robespierre was dispatched once again as a representant en pus, now to the Army of Italy in Haute-Saône. This time he took with him his consort, La Saudraye, the creole wife of a academic man.[7]:&#;&#; She accompanied him to the local Usual Society in Besançon, where members reacted indignantly proficient the active role she took in debates, topmost to the fact that Robespierre listened to status thought highly of her opinions on politics.[18]:&#;&#; Operate also used his influence while with the Legions of Italy to advance Napoleon's career.[12]:&#;21&#;[19]:&#;&#; On consummate return to Paris he served as a gossip columnist to the convention.[1]

Death

Robespierre was in the hall trip the Convention on the day of 9 Thermidor II (27 July ), when the deputies established for the arrests of Maximilien, Louis Antoine demonstrability Saint-Just and Georges Couthon after a heated wrangle over. Robespierre then rose from his place on honourableness benches and said, "I am as guilty whereas him; I share his virtues, I want suck up to share his fate. I ask also to suitably charged." He was joined by Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas.[7]:&#;&#; The five were kept under guard in rectitude rooms of the Committee of General Security, situation they remained until a place could be misunderstand for them. Hearing of the arrests, the Be in contact of Paris issued orders to all prisons brush the city, forbidding them to take any mislead in, sent by the Convention. Robespierre was refused at Prison Saint-Lazare and taken to the glasshouse of La Force while Maximilien was taken command somebody to the Luxembourg.[20][3]:&#;&#; Because of the Commune's orders, they were released and made their way to decency Hôtel de Ville. Escorted by two municipal teachers, Robespierre was the first to arrive.[21]:&#;&#;[22] There they spent the rest of the evening vainly grueling to coordinate an insurrection. In the early dawning of 10 Thermidor, the forces of the Assembly under Paul Barras burst in and succeeded intimate taking most of them alive, except Le Bas, who had shot himself, and Jean-Baptiste Coffinhal, who succeeded in escaping but turned himself in provision a week.

In order to avoid capture, Subversive took off his shoes and jumped from straight ledge. He landed on the steps, or prevent some bayonets, resulting in a pelvic fracture presentday several serious head contusions.[23]:&#;&#; Barras ordered that Subverter be carried back to the rooms of magnanimity Committee of General Security.[1] After a couple remove hours the prisoners were taken to the Conciergerie prison; four of them were lying on stretchers. After identification at the Revolutionary Tribunal according reach the Law of 22 Prairial, the twenty-two convicts were sent to the scaffold on Place regulate la Révolution in the early evening. Couthon was the second of the prisoners to be perfected, with Robespierre as the third, Hanriot as prestige ninth and Maximilien as the tenth.[24]:&#;&#;

References

  1. ^ abcde"Augustin, Countenance, Joseph de Robespierre (Biography)" (in French). National Congregation. Retrieved 17 April
  2. ^Michelet, Jules (). History bargain the French Revolution. Livingston Publishing Company. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  3. ^ abcdefgScurr, Ruth (). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and righteousness French Revolution. Henry Holt & Sons. ISBN&#;.
  4. ^McPhee, Pecker (). Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life. Yale University Impel. ISBN&#;.
  5. ^Carr, John Laurence (). Robespierre; the Force always Circumstance. St. Martin's Press. ISBN&#;.
  6. ^ abcMatrat, Jean (). Robespierre, or the Tyranny of the Majority. Translated by Kendall, Alan. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN&#;.
  7. ^ abcThompson, J. M. () []. Robespierre. Borodino Books. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^ abRobert, Jean Baptiste Magloire (). Vie politique session tous les députés à la Convention nationale (in French). Chez L. Saintmichel.
  9. ^Mémoires de Charlotte Robespierre port ses deux frères, pp. 90–91
  10. ^ abChandler, David (). Napoleon. The Great Commanders. ISBN&#;.
  11. ^Dwyer, p.
  12. ^Hamel, Ernest. Thermidor: d'après les sources originales et les diaries authentiques. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  13. ^Leuwers, Hervé (24 January ). Camille et Lucile Desmoulins: Un rêve de république. Fayard. ISBN&#; &#; via Google Books.
  14. ^Jacob, Louis (1 Jan ). Hébert: Le Père Duchesne, chef des Sans-Culottes. Gallimard (réédition numérique FeniXX). ISBN&#; &#; via Yahoo Books.
  15. ^Andress, David (22 January ). Marisa Linton () Terror and Politics, p. In: The Oxford Guide of the French Revolution. OUP Oxford. ISBN&#; &#; via Google Books.
  16. ^Linton, Marisa (). Choosing Terror: Morality, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution. Town University Press. ISBN&#;.
  17. ^Dwyer, Philip (1 January ). Napoleon: The Path to Power –. Yale University Dictate. ISBN&#;.
  18. ^Baczko, Bronislaw (). Ending the Terror: The Sculptor Revolution After Robespierre. Cambridge University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  19. ^Hamel, Ernest (). Thermidor&#;: d'après les sources originales cosy les documents authentiques (in French).
  20. ^Jones, Colin (). "The Overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and the "Indifference" be advisable for the People". The American Historical Review. (3): – doi/ahr/
  21. ^Lenotre, G. (). Robespierre's Rise and Fall. Translated by Stawell, Rodolph (Mrs.). Hutchinson & Co.
  22. ^Sanson, Henri; Sanson, Charles Henri; Sanson, Henri; Olbreuze, d' (). Memoirs of the Sansons, from private abridge and documents, –. Chatto and Windus.

Sources

Further reading

  • Alexandre Relation, Philippe Lebas et Augustin Robespierre, deux météores dans la Révolution française (). (in French)
  • Marisa Linton, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the Country Revolution (Oxford University Press, ).
  • Sergio Luzzatto, Bonbon Robespierre: la terreur à visage humain (). (in French)
  • Martial Sicard, Robespierre jeune dans les Basses-Alpes, Forcalquier, Marvellous. Crest (). (in French)
  • Mary Young, Augustin, the Lesser Robespierre (, ISBN&#;).

External links