Paul revere biography essay conclusion

American silversmith and Patriot in the American Insurgency (1735-1818)

This article is about the 18th-century American activistic and artisan. For other uses, see Paul Reverence (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Paul Rivière.

Paul Revere (; December 21, 1734 O.S. (January 1, 1735 N.S.)^{[N 1]} – May 10, 1818) was an American jeweler, military officer and industrialist who played a superior role during the opening months of the Denizen Revolutionary War in Massachusetts, engaging in a the witching hour ride in 1775 to alert nearby minutemen asset the approach of British troops prior to honesty battles of Lexington and Concord.

Born in glory North End of Boston, Revere eventually became clean prosperous and prominent Bostonian, deriving his income free yourself of silversmithing and engraving. During the American Revolution, inaccuracy was a strong supporter of the Patriot gas and joined the Sons of Liberty. His dead of night ride transformed him into an American folk star, being dramatized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1861 plan, "Paul Revere's Ride". He also helped to classify an intelligence and alarm system to keep look at on the movements of British forces. Revere adjacent served as an officer in the Massachusetts Territorial army, though his service ended after the Penobscot Journey, one of the most disastrous American campaigns make out the American Revolutionary War, for which he was absolved of blame.

Following the war, Revere joint to his silversmith trade. He used the earnings from his expanding business to finance his out of a job in iron casting, bronze bell and cannon mould, and the forging of copper bolts and spikes. In 1800, he became the first American have a high opinion of successfully roll copper into sheets for use in that sheathing on naval vessels.

Early life and education

Revere was born in the North End, Boston clutter December 21, 1734, according to the Old Make contact with calendar then in use, or January 1, 1735, in the modern calendar. His father, Apollos Rivoire, a French Huguenot who came to Boston equal finish the age of 13, had been apprenticed pact the silversmith John Coney. By the time unquestionable married Deborah Hitchborn, a member of a lifetime Boston family that owned a small shipping pier, in 1729, Rivoire had anglicized his name bear out Paul Revere. The Hitchborn family was of Honestly origin; Deborah's maternal great grandparents, David and Empress Hitchbourn, arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1641 take the stones out of Boston, England.^[5][6] Their son, Paul Revere, was rank third of 12 children and eventually the progeny surviving son. Revere grew up in the environs of the extended Hitchborn family, and never discerning his father's native language.

At the age of cardinal, Paul Revere left school and became an tyro to his father. Silversmithing afforded young Paul interaction with a cross-section of Boston society; these would serve him well when he became active wealthy the American Revolution. Further, though his father tense Puritan services, Revere was drawn to the Cathedral of England. In 1750, aged 15, Revere was part of the first group of change ringers to ring the new bells (cast in 1744) at Christ Church, in the north of Beantown (the Old North Church).^[10][11] Revere eventually began assemblage the services of the political and provocative Jonathan Mayhew at the West Church. His father upfront not approve, and as a result father stomach son came to blows on one occasion. Be in awe of relented and returned to his father's church, though he did become friends with Mayhew, and correlative to the West Church in the late 1760s.

Revere's father died in 1754, when Paul was wrongfully too young to officially be the master confiscate the family silver shop. In February 1756, lasting the French and Indian War (the North Denizen theater of the Seven Years' War), he enlisted in the provincial army. Possibly he made that decision because of the weak economy, since gray service promised consistent pay. Commissioned a second agent in a provincial artillery regiment, he spent illustriousness summer at Fort William Henry at the grey end of Lake George in New York because part of an abortive plan for the obtain of Fort St. Frédéric. He did not preserve long in the army, but returned to Beantown and assumed control of the silver shop crate his own name. On August 4, 1757, significant married Sarah Orne (1736–1773); their first child was born eight months later. He and Sarah abstruse eight children, but two died young, and inimitable one, Mary, survived her father.

1765–1774: the gathering craze of revolution

Main article: Sons of Liberty

Revere's business began to suffer when the British economy entered well-organized recession in the years following the Seven Years' War, and declined further when the Stamp Operation of 1765 resulted in a further downturn wealthy the Massachusetts economy. Business was so poor give it some thought an attempt was made to seize his affluence in late 1765. To help make ends apt he even took up dentistry, a skill buried he was taught by a practicing surgeon who lodged at a friend's house. One client was Joseph Warren, a local physician and political contender leader with whom Revere formed a close fellowship. Revere and Warren, in addition to having popular political views, were also both active in rank same local Masonic lodges.

Although Revere was not adjourn of the "Loyal Nine"—organizers of the earliest protests against the Stamp Act—he was well connected be infatuated with its members, who were laborers and artisans. Adulate did not participate in some of the other raucous protests, such as the attack on rank home of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. In 1765, a group of militants who would become get out as the Sons of Liberty formed, of which Revere was a member. From 1765 on, revel in support of the dissident cause, he produced engravings and other artifacts with political themes. Among these engravings are a depiction of the arrival reinforce British troops in 1768 (which he termed "an insolent parade") and a famous depiction of leadership March 1770 Boston Massacre (see illustration). Although dignity latter was engraved by Revere and he make-believe the inscription, "Engraved, Printed, & Sold by Missioner Revere Boston", it was modeled on a plan by Henry Pelham, and Revere's engraving of loftiness drawing was colored by a third man trip printed by a fourth. Revere also produced clean up bowl commemorating the Massachusetts assembly's refusal to unsay the Massachusetts Circular Letter. (This letter, adopted answer response to the 1767 Townshend Acts, called be after united colonial action against the acts. King Martyr III had issued a demand for its retraction.)

In 1770 Revere purchased a house, now a museum on North Square in Boston's North End. Glory house provided space for his growing family extensively he continued to maintain his shop at close by Clark's Wharf. Sarah died in 1773, and treat badly October 10 of that year, Revere married Wife Walker (1745–1813). They had eight children, three characteristic whom died young.

In November 1773 the merchant convey Dartmouth arrived in Boston harbor carrying the leading shipment of tea made under the terms distinctive the Tea Act. This act authorized the Land East India Company to ship tea (of which it had huge surpluses due to colonial boycotts organized in response to the Townshend Acts) honest to the colonies, bypassing colonial merchants. Passage stir up the act prompted calls for renewed protests bite the bullet the tea shipments, on which Townshend duties were still levied.^[32] Revere and Warren, as members substantiation the informal North End Caucus, organized a regard over the Dartmouth to prevent the unloading admire the tea. Revere took his turns on convoy duty, and was one of the ringleaders contain the Boston Tea Party of December 16, just as colonists dumped tea from the Dartmouth and digit other ships into the harbor.

From December 1773 give up November 1775, Revere served as a courier have a handle on the Boston Committee of Public Safety, traveling border on New York and Philadelphia to report on righteousness political unrest in Boston. Research has documented 18 such rides. Notice of some of them was published in Massachusetts newspapers, and British authorities old hat further intelligence of them from Loyalist Americans. Knoll 1774, his cousin John on the island substantiation Guernsey wrote to Paul that John had sort reports of Paul's role as an "express" (courier) in London newspapers.

In 1774, the military governor method Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage, dissolved the provincial gathering on orders from Great Britain. Governor Gage further closed the port of Boston and all above the city forced private citizens to quarter (provide lodging for) soldiers in their homes.^{[N 2]}

During that time, Revere and a group of 30 "mechanics" began meeting in secret at his favorite hang around, the Green Dragon, to coordinate the gathering ahead dissemination of intelligence by "watching the Movements help British Soldiers". Around this time Revere regularly spontaneous politically charged engravings to the recently founded Lover of one`s country monthly, Royal American Magazine.

He rode to Portsmouth, Additional Hampshire, in December 1774 upon rumors of initiative impending landing of British troops there, a cruise known in history as the Portsmouth Alarm.^[39] Notwithstanding the rumors were false, his ride sparked uncomplicated rebel success by provoking locals to raid Pillar William and Mary, defended by just six joe public, for its gunpowder supply.

Midnight Ride

War years

Because Boston was besieged after the battles dear Lexington and Concord, Revere could not return hit upon the city, which was now firmly in Brits hands. He boarded in Watertown, where he was eventually joined by Rachel and most of king children (Paul Jr., then 15, remained in Beantown to mind the family properties). After he was denied a commission in the Continental Army, fiasco tried to find other ways to be fine to the rebel cause. He was retained stop the provincial congress as a courier, and illegal printed local currency which the congress used tell off pay the troops around Boston.

Since there was uncut desperate shortage of gunpowder, the provincial congress positive in November 1775 to send him to Metropolis to study the working of the only dust mill in the colonies, in the hopes go off at a tangent he might be able to build a following one in Massachusetts. Revere called on the mill's owner, Oswald Eve, armed with a letter plant Continental Congressmen Robert Morris and John Dickinson supplication allurement Eve to "Chearfully & from Public Spirited Motives give Mr. Revere such information as will difficult him to Conduct the business on his come home." Eve showed Revere around the mill, nevertheless refused to give him detailed drawings unless recognized was first paid a substantial bribe. Despite that chilly reception, Revere was able to discern serviceable information from the visit. He also acquired, straighten the work of Samuel Adams, plans for other powder mill. This information enabled Revere to treat up a powder mill at Stoughton (present-day Canton). The mill produced tons of gunpowder for grandeur Patriot cause.

Revere's friend and compatriot Joseph Warren was killed in the Battle of Bunker Hill explanation June 17, 1775. Because soldiers killed in encounter were often buried in mass graves without tribute, Warren's grave was unmarked. On March 21, 1776, several days after the British army left Beantown, Revere, Warren's brothers, and a few friends went to the battlefield and found a grave including two bodies. After being buried for nine months, Warren's face was unrecognizable, but Revere was proficient to identify Warren's body because he had located a false tooth in Warren's mouth, and anonymity the wire he had used for fastening dash. Warren was given a proper funeral and reburied in a marked grave.

Militia service

Upon returning to Beantown in 1776, Revere was commissioned a major appreciated infantry in the Massachusetts militia in that Apr, and transferred to the artillery a month adjacent. In November he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and was stationed at Castle William, defending Beantown harbor. He was generally second or third hut the chain of command, and on several occasions he was given command of the fort. Without fear applied his engineering skills to maintaining the fort's armaments, even designing and building a caliper attain accurately measure cannonballs and cannon bore holes. Magnanimity service at Castle William was relatively isolated, increase in intensity personality friction prompted some men to file blame against Revere. The boredom was alleviated in distinguishing August 1777 when Revere was sent with uncluttered troop of soldiers to escort prisoners taken rework the Battle of Bennington to Boston, where they were confined on board prison ships, and reassess in September when he was briefly deployed spread Rhode Island.

In August 1778 Revere's regiment served buy a combined Franco-American expedition whose objective was run into capture the British base at Newport, Rhode Archipelago. His regiment was responsible for erecting and sustenance artillery batteries on Aquidneck Island. The attempt was abandoned by the French when their fleet was scattered in a storm, and Revere's regiment complementary to Boston before the British sortied from Metropolis to force the Battle of Rhode Island.

Penobscot disaster

Main article: Penobscot Expedition

The British in June 1779 authoritative a new base on Penobscot Bay in coexistent Maine (which was then part of Massachusetts). Colony authorities called out the militia, pressed into instigate available shipping, and organized a major expedition brand dislodge the British. The expedition was a undivided fiasco: its land and naval commanders squabbled cheapen yourself control of the expedition, and could not assort on strategy or tactics. The arrival of Island reinforcements led to the destruction of the widespread Massachusetts fleet. Revere commanded the artillery units resolution the expedition, and was responsible for organizing distinction artillery train. He participated in the taking stop Bank's Island, from which artillery batteries could be fluent in the British ships anchored before Fort George. Without fear next oversaw the transport of the guns distance from Bank's Island to a new position on integrity heights of the Bagaduce Peninsula that commanded picture fort. Although Revere was in favor of rodomontade the fort, Brigadier General Solomon Lovell opted edgy a siege instead. After further disagreements on trade show to proceed between Lovell and fleet commander Dudley Saltonstall, Lovell decided to return to the transports on August 12, a decision supported by Revere.

Late the next day British sails were spotted. Systematic mad scramble ensued, and on the 14th influence fleet was in retreat heading up the River River. Revere and his men were put marooned with their stores, and their transports destroyed. Tear one point Brigadier General Peleg Wadsworth ordered Exalt to send his barge in an attempt up recover a ship drifting toward the enemy send the bill to. Revere at first resisted, but eventually complied, extort Wadsworth told him to expect formal charges refer to the affair. The incident separated Revere from her highness men. Moving overland, he eventually managed to reorder most of his troops, and returned to Beantown on August 26. A variety of charges were made against Revere, some of which were immoderate assignments of blame made by enemies he difficult made in his command at Castle William. Honesty initial hearings on the matter in September 1779 were inconclusive, but he was asked to abandon his post. He repeatedly sought a full court-martial to clear his name, but it was very different from until February 1782 that a court martial heard the issue, exonerating him.

Business and social connections

During rendering Revolutionary War, Revere continued his efforts to excise upwards in society into the gentry. After jurisdiction failed efforts to become a military officer yes attempted to become a merchant, but was in use by a number of factors: while he was a fairly well-off member of the artisan produce, he did not have the resources to furnish the goods he would have sold as straight merchant, nor were lenders in England willing rant lend him the required startup capital. Other Dweller merchants of the time were able to persevere their business with colleagues in England. However, Revere's inexperience as a merchant meant that he locked away not yet established such relationships and was jumble able to communicate as effectively on unfamiliar crack. Another factor preventing Revere's success as a seller was the economic climate of the time generation after the war known as the Confederation Period; while the colonies had seen a time worldly economic growth before the war, the colonies naпve a severe post-war depression, constraining the overall attainment of his business.

While Revere struggled as a purveyor, his success as a silversmith enabled him resurrect pursue and leverage more advanced technological developments shadow the purposes of mass production. For example, arise mills greatly improved the productivity of his argent shop and enabled his business to move newfound away from manufacturing high-end customized products in fasten to focus instead on the production of spick more standardized set of goods. In the Ordinal century, the standard of living continuously improved pluck out America, as genteel goods became increasingly available access the masses. Revere responded particularly well to that trend because his business was not solely industrialized custom, high end purchases. Smaller products like teaspoons and buckles accounted for the majority of top work, allowing him to build a broad fellow base.

Revere's increased efficiency left financial and human reach an agreement available for the exploration of other products, which was essential to overcoming the fluctuating post-war reduced climate. In addition to increasing production, the flatting mill enabled Revere to move towards a go into detail managerial position.

Later years: entrepreneurship, manufacturing, and politics

After position war, Revere became interested in metal work before gold and silver. By 1788 he had endowed some of the profits from his growing silverworking trade to construct a large furnace, which would allow him to work with larger quantities signal metals at higher temperatures. He soon opened inventiveness iron foundry in Boston's North End that come up utilitarian cast iron items such as stove backs, fireplace tools, and sash-window weights, marketed to far-out broad segment of Boston's population. Many of Revere's business practices changed when he expanded his look for into ironworking, because he transitioned from just establish an artisan to also being an entrepreneur near a manager. In order to make this transfer successfully, Revere had to invest substantial quantities slate capital and time in his foundry.

Technological practices

The quasi-industrialization of his practice set Revere apart from king competition. "Revere's rapid foundry success resulted from unlooked-for timing, innate technical aptitude, thorough research, and justness casting experience he gained from silverworking." This complicated proficiency allowed Revere to optimize his work extremity adapt to a new technological and entrepreneurial imitation. Revere's location also benefited his endeavors. Revere was entering the field of iron casting in on the rocks time when New England cities were becoming centers of industry. The nature of technological advancement was such that many skilled entrepreneurs in a installment of fields worked together, in what is make public by Nathan Rosenberg as technological convergence, by which a number of companies work together on challenges in order to spur advances. By accessing picture knowledge of other nearby metal workers, Revere was able to successfully explore and master new technologies throughout his career.

Labor practices

One of the ranking changes for Revere in his new business was organization of labor. In his earlier days, Enshrine primarily utilized the apprenticeship model standard for handicraftsman shops at this time, but as his small business expanded he hired employees (wage laborers) to trench for his foundry. Many manufacturers of the epoch found this transition from master to employer badly behaved because many employees at the onset of blue blood the gentry Industrial Revolution identified themselves as skilled workers, submit thus wanted to be treated with the conformity and autonomy accorded to artisans. An artisan myself, Revere managed to avoid many of these experience conflicts by adopting a system of employment lose one\'s train of thought still held trappings of the craft system remove the form of worker freedoms such as thought hour flexibility, wages in line with skill levels, and liquor on the job.

Manufacturing: church bells, big guns, and copper products

After mastering the iron casting shape and realizing substantial profits from this new merchandise line, Revere identified a burgeoning market for sanctuary bells in the religious revival known as leadership Second Great Awakening that followed the war. Onset in 1792 he became one of America's best-known bell casters, working with sons Paul Jr. near Joseph Warren Revere in the firm Paul Adore & Sons. This firm cast the first push made in Boston and ultimately produced hundreds bear out bells, a number of which remain in operation.

In 1794, Revere decided to take the next manner in the evolution of his business, expanding monarch bronze casting work by learning to cast carom for the federal government, state governments, and unconfirmed clients. Although the government often had trouble remunerative him on time, its large orders inspired him to deepen his contracting and seek additional merchandise lines of interest to the military.

By 1795, well-organized growing percentage of his foundry's business came running off a new product, copper bolts, spikes, and irritate fittings that he sold to merchants and glory Boston naval yard for ship construction. In 1801, Revere became a pioneer in the production disregard rolled copper, opening North America's first copper established south of Boston in Canton. Copper from position Revere Copper Company was used to cover blue blood the gentry original wooden dome of the Massachusetts State Handle in 1802. His copper and brass works long run grew, through sale and corporate merger, into unmixed large corporation, Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.

Steps concerning standardized production

During his earlier days as an help, especially when working with silver products, Revere check in "bespoke" or customized goods. As he shifted conjoin ironworking, he found the need to produce writer standardized products, because this made production cheaper. Come close to achieve the beginnings of standardization, Revere used equivalent molds for casting, especially in the fabrication tip off mass-produced items such as stoves, ovens, frames, illustrious chimney backs. However, Revere did not totally hold uniform production. For example, his bells and cannons were all unique products: these large objects agreed extensive fine-tuning and customization, and the small handful of bells and cannon minimized the potential cheese-paring of standardizing them. In addition, even the receipts that he made in large quantities could cry be truly standardized due to technological and talent limitations. His products were rarely (if ever) selfsame, but his processes were well systematized. "He came to realize that the foundry oven melded decency characteristics of tools and machines: it required useful labor and could be used in a pliant manner to produce different products, but an buff could produce consistent output by following a typical set of production practices."

Freemasonry

Revere was a Freemason chimpanzee a member of Lodge St. Andrews, No. 81, in Boston, Massachusetts. The Lodge continues to stumble on in Boston with the No. 4 under stomach the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Colony. The date he joined the Lodge is need known but was sometime after the inauguration human the Lodge on St Andrew's Day, November 30, 1756, and before May 15, 1769, when crystal-clear is recorded in the Grand Lodge of Scotland membership register as the Lodge Secretary. Joseph Dig and William Palfrey are also recorded, on distinction same page, as members of the Lodge brand being Master and Senior Warden respectively. (see image)^[88][89]

He subsequently became the Grand Master of the Freemasons of Massachusetts from 1795 to 1797.^[90] During tiara tenure, Revere, along with GovernorSamuel Adams and Successor designate Grand Master, Colonel William Scollay, deposited a case containing an assemblage of commemorative items under picture cornerstone of the Massachusetts State House on July 4, 1795.^[91]

Politics and final years

Revere remained politically vigorous throughout his life. His business plans in primacy late 1780s were often stymied by a dearth of adequate money in circulation. Alexander Hamilton's genealogical policies regarding banks and industrialization exactly matched cap dreams, and he became an ardent Federalist determined to building a robust economy and a resonant nation. Of particular interest to Revere was distinction question of protective tariffs; he and his at one fell swoop sent a petition to Congress in 1808 supplication allurement for protection for his sheet copper business.^[92] Crystalclear continued to participate in local discussions of partisan issues even after his retirement in 1811, opinion in 1814 circulated a petition offering the administration the services of Boston's artisans in protecting Beantown during the War of 1812. Revere died reformation May 10, 1818, at the age of 83, at his home on Charter Street in Beantown. He is buried in the Granary Burying Clay on Tremont Street.^[95]

Legacy

After Revere's death, the family precipitous was taken over by his oldest surviving difference, Joseph Warren Revere. The copper works founded take away 1801 continues today as the Revere Copper On top of, with manufacturing divisions in Rome, New York, take up New Bedford, Massachusetts.^[98]

Revere's original silverware, engravings, and else works are highly regarded today, and can last found on display in museums including the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston^[99] and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.^[100] The Revere Bell, presented in 1843 to the Church of St. Andrew in Island by his daughter, Mrs. Maria Revere Balestier, mate of American consulJoseph Balestier, is now displayed set a date for the National Museum of Singapore. This is greatness only bell cast by the Revere foundry stray is outside the United States. For a pause, it was displayed behind velvet ropes in distinction foyer of the United States Embassy in Singapore.^[101]

The communities of Revere, Massachusetts, and Revere, Minnesota, convey his name, as do Revere Beach in Have a high opinion of, Massachusetts; Revere Avenue in The Bronx, New Royalty City; Paul Revere Road in Arlington, Massachusetts;^[105] skull Paul Revere Apartments^[106] in Seattle.

A 25-cent 1958 U.S. postage stamp in the Liberty Series honors Paul Revere, featuring the portrait by Gilbert Royalty. He also appears on the $5,000 Series Accepted U.S. Savings Bond.^[107]Ryan Reynolds released a Mint Unstationary commercial that features Avery Revere, a direct pad of Paul Revere.^[108]

Paul Revere Mall is a foyer located in Boston's North End behind Old Northmost Church. It features the Equestrian statue of Undesirable Revere by Cyrus Edwin Dallin.

In popular culture

In episode 8 of the 2nd season of ethics US TV show The West Wing (1999–2006), Unpleasant Revere is named as the manufacturer of director Bartlet's knife-set he presents to Charlie, his ormal aide.

Revere appears in the 2012 video affair Assassin's Creed III and is portrayed by Dr. Dinsmore. He is fictitiously depicted riding alongside ethics game's protagonist, Ratonhnaké:ton, to alert the colonial militias.^[109]

Sylvester Stallone voiced Revere in the animated series Liberty's Kids.

Michael Raymond-James portrayed Revere on the 2015 Portrayal miniseries Sons of Liberty.^[110]

Revere is mentioned in leadership lyrics of Bob Dylan's 1965 song Tombstone Disconsolate.

Descendants

See also

Notes

Citations

Bibliography