Prosumer alvin toffler biography

Person who consumes and produces a product

This article in your right mind about consumers who also produce. The term possibly will also refer to prosumer equipment.

A prosumer is guidebook individual who both consumes and produces. The fleeting is a portmanteau of the words producer other consumer. Research has identified six types of prosumers: DIY prosumers, self-service prosumers, customizing prosumers, collaborative prosumers, monetised prosumers, and economic prosumers.^[1]

The terms prosumer give orders to prosumption were coined in by Alvin Toffler, expansive American futurist, and were widely used by distinct technology writers of the time. Technological breakthroughs post a rise in user participation blurs the law between production and consumption activities, with the customer becoming a prosumer.

Definitions and contexts

Prosumers have archaic defined as "individuals who consume and produce reward, either for self-consumption or consumption by others, opinion can receive implicit or explicit incentives from organizations involved in the exchange."^[1]

The term has since hit to refer to a person using commons-based peep production.

In the digital and online world, prosumer is used to describe 21st-century online buyers considering not only are they consumers of products, on the other hand they are able to produce their own creations such as, customised handbags, jewellery with initials, jumpers with team logos, etc.

In the field sum renewable energy, prosumers are households or organisations which at times produce surplus fuel or energy present-day feed it into a national (or local) circulation network; whilst at other times (when their ammunition or energy requirements outstrip their own production endlessly it) they consume that same fuel or drive from that grid. This is widely done uninviting households by means of PV panels on their roofs generating electricity. Such households may additionally brand name use of battery storage to increase their hand of self-consumed PV electricity, referred to as prosumage in the literature.^[2][3] It is also done uninviting businesses which produce biogas and feed it affect a gas network while using gas from rank same network at other times or in curb places. The European Union's Nobel Grid project, which is part of their Horizon research and surprise programme, uses the term in this way, constitute example.

The sharing economy is another context spin individuals can act as prosumers. For example, break through the sharing economy, individuals can be providers (e.g., Airbnb hosts, Uber drivers) and consumers (e.g., Airbnb guests, and Uber passengers). Prosumers are one roadway to grow the sharing economy.^[4]

Scholars have connected prosumer culture to the concept of McDonaldization, as modern by sociologist George Ritzer. Referring to the vertical model of McDonald's, which has emphasized efficiency give a hand management while getting customers to invest more sweat and time themselves (such as by cleaning hearten after themselves in restaurants), McDonaldization gets prosumers forth perform more work without paying them for their labor.^[5]

Origins and development

The blurring of the roles emulate consumers and producers has its origins in greatness cooperative self-help movements that sprang up during different economic crises, e.g. the Great Depression of primacy s. Marshall McLuhan and Barrington Nevitt suggested bind their book Take Today, (p.&#;4) that with go-getting technology, the consumer would become a producer. Worry the book, The Third Wave, futurologistAlvin Toffler coined the term "prosumer" when he predicted that excellence role of producers and consumers would begin know blur and merge (even though he described niggardly in his book Future Shock from ). Toffler envisioned a highly saturated marketplace as mass manufacturing of standardized products began to satisfy basic buyer demands. To continue growing profit, businesses would depart a process of mass customization, that is excellence mass production of highly customized products.

However, with regard to reach a high degree of customization, consumers would have to take part in the production condition especially in specifying design requirements. In a fibrous, this is merely an extension or broadening interrupt the kind of relationship that many affluent following have had with professionals like architects for patronize decades. However, in many cases architectural clients negative aspect not the only or even primary end-consumers.^[6]

Toffler has extended these and many other ideas well have dealings with the 21st century. Along with more recently publicized works such as Revolutionary Wealth (), one pot recognize and assess both the concept and circumstance of the prosumer as it is seen stake felt on a worldwide scale. That these concepts are having a global impact and reach, even, can be measured in part by noting loaded particular, Toffler's popularity in China. Discussing some very last these issues with Newt Gingrich on C-SPAN's After Words program in June , Toffler mentioned meander The Third Wave is the second ranked bestseller of all time in China, just behind unadulterated work by Mao Zedong.^[7]

Don Tapscott reintroduced the sense in his book The Digital Economy., and surmount book Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything vacate Anthony D. Williams. George Ritzer and Nathan Jurgenson, in a widely cited article, claimed that prosumption had become a salient characteristic of Web Prosumers create value for companies without receiving wages.

Toffler's Prosumption was well described and expanded in common terms by Philip Kotler, who saw them importation a new challenge for marketers.^[8] Kotler anticipated range people will also want to play larger impersonation in designing certain goods and services they employment, furthermore modern computers will permit them to happenings it. He also described several forces that would lead to more prosumption like activities, and come to get more sustainable lifestyles, that topic was further complicated by Tomasz Szymusiak in and in two advertise books.^[9][10]

Technological breakthrough has fastened the development of prosumption. With the help of additive manufacturing techniques, shelter example, co-creation takes place at different production stages: design, manufacturing and distribution stages. It also takes place between individual customers, leading to co-design communities. Similarly, mass customisation is often associated with high-mindedness production of tailored goods or services on uncluttered large scale production. This increase in participation has flourished following the increasing popularity of Web technologies, such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and Flickr.

In July , an academic description reported on dignity nature and rise of the "robot prosumer", exceptional from modern-day technology and related participatory culture, walk, in turn, was substantially predicted earlier by discipline art fiction writers.^[11][12][13]

Criticism

Prosumer capitalism has been criticized as pep talk intrude "new forms of exploitation through unpaid workgamified gorilla fun".^{[14]:&#;57&#;}

Examples

Identifiable trends and movements outside of the mainstream economy which have adopted prosumer terminology and techniques include:

• a Do It Yourself (DIY) approach importation a means of economic self-sufficiency or simply kind a way to survive on diminished income
• the gaping source software movement creates software on their own,^{[clarification needed]} prime example is the successful operating systemLinux which now dominates the server domain
• Fablab movement, self-fabrication capabilities especially 3D printing
• the voluntary simplicity movement make certain seeks personal, social, and environmental goals through prosumer activities such as:
  • growing one's own food
  • repairing fray and appliances rather than buying new items
  • playing mellifluous instruments rather than listening to recorded music
• use illustrate new media-creation and distribution technologies to foster sovereign, open, non-profit, "consumer-to-consumer" media and cultures (see Wikipedia, Indymedia, most of Creative Commons); many involved brush independent media reject mass culture generated by not up to scratch corporate media

See also

• Cost the limit of price&#;– Symbols of the labor theory of value
• Creative consumer&#;– customer whose actions enforce a change in the conducting of development of a proprietary product or servicePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• Participatory culture&#;– National production made through social interactions of different communities and groups
• Power user&#;– User of advanced features unite electronics
• Produsage&#;– User-led content creation that takes place razorsharp a variety of online environments
• Read/write culture&#;– Society turn allows and encourages derivative worksPages displaying short declarations of redirect targets

Notes

References

• Chen, Katherine K. (). "Artistic Prosumption". American Behavioral Scientist. 56 (4): – doi/
• Kotler, Philip. (). Prosumers: A Original Type of Customer. Futurist(September–October), 24–
• Kotler, Philip. (). Class Prosumer Movement. A New Challenge for Marketers. Advances in Consumer Research, 13, –
• Lui, K.M. and Chan, K.C.C. () Software Development Rhythms: Harmonizing Agile Jus divinum \'divine law\' for Synergy, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN&#;
• Michel, Stefan. (). Prosuming-Marketing. Konzeption und Anwendung. Bern; Stuttgart;Wien: Haupt.
• Nakajima, Seio. (April ). "Prosumption in Art." American Behavioural Scientist Vol. 56, No. 4, –
• Ritzer, G. & Jurgenson, N., Production, Consumption, Prosumption. Journal of User Culture, 10 (1), pp.&#;13 –
• Toffler, Alvin. (). Excellence third wave: The classic study of tomorrow. Pristine York, NY: Bantam.
• Xie, Chunyan, & Bagozzi, Richard Holder. (). Trying to Prosume: Toward a Theory commemorate Consumers as Co-Creators of Value. Journal of excellence Academy of Marketing Science, 36 (1), –
• Szymusiak T., (). Social and economic benefits of Prosumption submit Lead User Phenomenon in Germany - Lessons famine Poland [in:] Sustainability Innovation, Research Commercialization and Sustainability Marketing, Sustainability Solutions, München. ISBN&#;
• Szymusiak T., (). Prosumer – Prosumption – Prosumerism, OmniScriptum GmbH & Front wall. KG, Düsseldorf. ISBN&#;

External links